Zwarte Maria Everts: (1663-1713) – former slave turned slave-owner as “ultimate symbol of triumph over adversity”?

Verbatim Transcription of the Last Will and Testament (1713) of Zwarte Maria Everts: (1663-1713) – former-slave woman turned slave-owner at the Cape of Good Hope

by Mansell G. Upham ©  

Fake ‘Depiction’ of Zwarte Maria now weaponized by the Dutch Government-funded Camissa Museum to transform, mythologize, promote and ‘other’ her as a ‘heroine’ of a new political dis/order

Increasing false claims and erroneous (also fabricated) assumptions made about the historical and colonial Cape of Good Hope-born woman Zwarte Maria Everts (1663-1713) and her family – especially now that she has already become a politically and ideologically fashioned feminist, Black and nationalist icon – make it imperative that her last will and testament (1713) be transcribed, critically evaluated and made more accessible to a wider audience.

In one instance, James Armstrong erroneously states the following:[1] 

… Many instances of unions involving free blacks and other Europeans could be cited.  The will of Maria Everts van de Caap, for example, lists her many children and refers in affectionate terms to their father, Willem ten Damme [sic], to whom she was never married …

In another example, Joanne Gibson mistakenly claims that Zwarte Maria had only made scant provision for Bastiaen Colijn (the father of five of her seven illegitimate children) and also that she had actually willed her daughter Johanna Colijn to farm on what today is the mega-affluent Cape Town suburb of Camps Bay:[2]

In her will, dated 8 June 1713, she named her children as her heirs (with Johannes and young Evert to live at Clavervalleij while Johanna would farm at Camps Bay [sic]). As for Bastiaan Colijn, she merely stipulated [sic] that her two older children, both not fathered by him (Jacobus Willemsz Ten Damme, born in 1679, and Cornelia Everina Kraak, born in 1682), should provide him ‘with food, drink and clothing as necessary [sic – Bastiaen Colijn also co-inherits]’. After Ten Damme also succumbed to smallpox, however, his share of his mother’s estate was further sub-divided between his siblings [sic – Bastiaen Colijn also co-inherits], with 300 sheep, a wagon with 10 oxen, and a slave named Alexander van Madagascar specifically bequeathed to Johannes Colijn.

Furthermore, there is the question surrounding the exclusion, omission, dismissal and disinheritance of Zwarte Maria’s daughter (step-daughter ?) Agneta Colijn and her relegated-to-the-frontier descendants – see my article at the following link:  

The elusive – and not so ‘chaste’ – Agnietie Colijn

Indeed, just how expediently Zwarte Maria’s multi-hued (neither ‘black’ nor ‘white’) descendants are being airbrushed in – also out – of newly ideologised and neo-racist narratives, necessitates greater critical evaluation.

Heroics hyperbolic and hagiographic

There have also been deliberate attempts to silence, omit, ignore and down-play the recorded negative aspects of this woman and her family’s lives, eg her endorsement of slavery, her violent and immoral household, her convicted crimes and allegations of attempted murder, and her youngest son’s unabashed prejudice (if not also racism) against former slaves in positions of authority, economic failure, destitution and child neglect.

Just recently there has been an online presentation (8 October 2021) ‘Zwarte Maria, Camps Bay and Constantia Wine’ by Sigi Howes for the Genealogical Society of South Africa (Western Cape Branch) in which only the more politically opportunistic aspects of Zwarte Maria’s historical existence were positively ‘framed’ and flaunted with little hitherto unknown or new information.

The presentation relied heavily on information selectively gleaned from Mansell Upham, Uprooted Lives – Unfurling the Cape of Good Hope’s Earliest Colonial Inhabitants (1652-1713) on the FFY Project Website and Joanne Gibson, ‘SA wine history: The largely forgotten Colijns of Constantia’ (11 December 2018) – https://winemag.co.za/wine/opinion/joanne-gibson-the-largely-forgotten-colijns-of-constantia/ and https://capetownmuseum.org.za/they-built-this-city/zwarte-maria-evert/.

Readers may recall the documentary The Commander’s Slaves: A Different Kind of Landed Gentry, aired on e-tv in 1998 produced and directed by Ramola Naidoo. In this exposé Zwarte Maria is singled out (together with other newly-salvaged slave women such as Angela van Bengale and Catharina van Paliacatta) as an economically, socially, culturally, and entrepreneurially successful Black ancestor to ‘White’ Afrikaners. The questionable imprimatur, however, was that black women such as Zwarte Maria et al ultimately triumphed because they were black women. See infra for a discussion critiquing this documentary featured in Pumla Gqola’s 2004 dissertation Shackled Memories and Elusive Discourses? Colonial Slavery and the Contemporary Cultural and Artistic Imagination in South Africa (Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München).

This documentary coincided with burgeoning populist attempts – expediently ‘forgetting’ her White descendants – that continued to romantically and dishonestly portray Zwarte Maria as an important exclusively Black role model for an ideologically ‘transformed’ and Afrikanized African National Congress (ANC)-dominated ‘New’ South Africa.

The most fantastic portrayal thus far, has to be that by former President (of both the ANC and the Republic of South Africa) Thabo Mbeki when uber-proclaiming that Zwarte Maria – despite no mention ever of her being a slave-owner and one who never ever freed any of her slaves – is “the ultimate symbol of triumph over adversity”:[3]

…When the Wine Farmers and Fruit Growers gather here for their conference this year, may they too pay homage to some now-forgotten black farmers. I think of the Evert family, among the first slaves to be brought to the Cape in 1658 on the Dutch East India Company ship, the Hasselt.

Evert and Anna of Guinea were privately-owned slaves of Commander Jan van Riebeeck and Commander Zacharias Wagenaar [sic]. We do not know what their destiny may have been if the Portuguese slave ship [sic] which left Grand Popo on the West African Gulf of Guinea (now Benin) had succeeded in bearing its human cargo to South America.

We do know what happened to them after the Portuguese ship was intercepted by the Dutch and they were captured by the Dutch East India Company ship, the Hasselt [sic], and Evert and Anna of Guinea were sold into slavery at the Cape in 1658. They were private domestic slaves to the Commanders at the Fort de Goede Hoop.

But they were later freed from slavery. As a freed slave, Evert was granted a garden not far away from here (near Roeland Street and Tuynhuys) where he grew fruit and vegetables. Later, Evert moved to Stellenbosch as one of its pioneer freed slave farmers but he died soon afterwards.

Evert and Anna’s daughter, Maria, was born into slavery at the Fort de Goede Hoop [sic] and later became one of the pioneering women farmers of the early 18th century. She is truly one of our most significant heroines who has graced our shores and is the ultimate symbol of triumph over adversity.

The Will Transcribed

Copia

Testament van Maria Evers[4]

Copia

In den name Godes Amen

Bij den inhoude van dit iegenwoordig openbaar Instrument sij kennelijk een ider die ‘t behoort dat op huiden na de geboorte onsers Heeren en Saligmakers Jesu Christi, 1713, op den 8e dag de maand Junij, des avonds omtrent de klokke se uuren voor mij Daniel Thibault[5], secretaries van de Agtb.[are] Raad van Justitie deser Gouvernem:[en]ts, ter presentie van de nagen:[oemen]e getuigen gecompareert en verscheenen is Maria Evers:, geboortig aan dese plaats, Oud omtrent 50 jaaren, siekelijk te bedde leggende, dog haar verstand, sinne, en memorie, volkome magtigh, en gebruijkende soo ons bij passeeren deses vleck, te kennen gevende, hoe bij haar was ov[er]dagt de broos, en swakheijt van ‘t menschen leven, op desen aarde al seen schaduwe v[er]gangkelijk, datter niets sekerder is den de dood, dog in tegen deel, niets onsekerder den de tijd en uure van dien, dierbaaren te raade was geworden, haar van God Almagtig uijt genade mildrijk verleent uijterlijk bevoolen en gedispondert te hebben, ‘t selve doende soo sij openlijk v[er]klaarde, uijt haar eije vrije wil sonder aanrading, of misleijding van iemand ter wereld.

Alvorens beveelt sij testatrices hare onsterffelijke ziele naar schijding uijt haar sterffelijke Lighaam in de genadige en barmhartige handen Gods haaren Schepper, en Hemelsche Vader, en haar doode Lighaam de aarde, met een Eerlijke begravinge na haar Staat en tijds geregentheijt;  Revoreerende, Casseerende, dood ende niet doende bij desen alle soodanige Testamenten, Codicillen, ofte Actens van uijtterste wille, als by Testatrice voor dato deses mog te hebben gemaakt, ofte gepasseert, niet willende nog begeerend, dat deselve ofte eene van dien in ‘t minst kragt Grijpe, off Effect sorteeren sal, of sullen, maar gehouden worden, gelijk de Testatrice die is houdende bij desen, voor nul, Cragteloos, en van omvaarde invoegen die noijt was, off waren gepasseert Ende van nieuwes ten dispositie komende,

Soo v[er]klaarde sij de Testatrice voor aff te legateeren, maaken en bespreken, aan de Diaconie Armen alhier, een somme van hondert Caapse Gulders een sonder meer.

Ende aan haar twee jongste zoonen, met name Johannes[6] en Evert Colijn[7], den opstal van haar Testatrices in leening hebbende plaats, gelegen in de Groeneklooff, gen:[aam]t de Clavere Valeij, welke postal bij gem:[elde] twee zoonen, egter met een in possessive sal mogen werden genomen, voor dat de jongste tot sijn mondige Jaare, huwelijke off andere Geapprobeerde State sal gekomen wesen, tot welke tyd het gesag en administratie daar van aan de nategenoemene Volmagtigen werd aanbevoolen.

            Komende nu de Testatrice tot v[er]kiesing van ‘t Erfgen:[amen] soo v[er]klaarde sij tot haaren universele en algeheele Erffgen:[amen] te hebben genommineert en verkooren, gelijk sij Nomineert en verkiest bij desen, eerstelijk hare ses hier natenoeme kinderen, als Jacobus Willemsz: ten Damme[8], Cornelia Everina Kraak[9], Johannes Colijn, Johanna Colijn[10], Maria Colijn[11], en Evert Colijn, mitsg:[ade]rs den burgher Bastiaan Colijn[12], ider in egale portien, en dat in alle de goederen, soo roverende, als onroverende presente, en toekomende, action, Crediten, en inneschulden, en wat dies meer Zij, omme dat  daarmede bij voorn:[oemene] Erffgenamen, Soodanig gehandere, gedaan en gelaten te worden, als met haar vrij ander goed, sonder tegenspreken van imand ter wereld.

            Dog ingevalle het mogt komen te gebeuren, dat voorn:[oem]t Bastiaan Colijn, voor dat het Jongste Kind tot zijn mondige jaaren is gekoomen,  deser werelt quam te overlijde, Soo begeert de Testatrice sat deselfs portie sal devolveeven op bovengen:[oemde]  haar ses kinderen, zonder dat daar op imand iets te pretendeeren sal hebben.

            Voorts verklaarde sij Testatrice tot Administrateurs, Executeurs en opsigters, mitsg:[ade]rs voogd of voogdesse over de Onmondige Kinderen Aangestelt en verkooren te hebben, hare twee Oudste Kinderen met name Jacobus Willemsz: ten Damme en Cornelia Everina Kraak, met magt omme den boedel na haar Testatrices ov[er]lijden te aanvaarden, deselve te beheeren en Administrateuren, mitsg:[ade]rs de onmondige kinderen op te voeden, te laten leeren en schrijven, off wel soodanig handwerk, als des kids off kinderen vermist zij also ok deselve benevens voorn:[oe]mene Bastiaan Colijn te voorsien van Eeten, drinken, kledingh en reding, mitsg:[ader]s wat verder tot onderhout van ‘t natuurlijke schepper nodig is, ende sulx en tot tijd en wijle dat het Jongste onmondige kind gen[oem]t Evert Colijn, bereijkende als nu omtrent de dertien Jaaren, als wanneer den boedel door de ge[noe]m:ene Volmagten sal moeten warden verkogt, en te gelde gemaakt, wanneer een ider den Erffgen[am]en uijt de toem:ene soodanige portie sal gemeten, als hem regts, en desent weesen toekomt begeerende, Testatrice wel expresselijk, dat gene den tegenwoordige onmondige kinderen, nog te  ook voorn:[oem]de Bastiaen Colijn, haar twee oudste kinderen en aangestelde volmaakte hier bovengen:[oem]t, wegens hunne Erfportie off enig deel van dien, sullen rermogen moeijlik te varen, off wel daar van iets te pretendeeren, voor en aleen dat het Jongste kind als voorsz: tot sijn mondige Jaaren sal gekoomen zijn, authoriseerdende ende in de Keur latende aan voorn[oe]mene haar twee Oudste kinderen en volmagten, omme nevens haar tot Administrateurs des boedels, soodanig eerlijk person of persoonen te v[er]kiesen ende aanstellen, als sij nut en nodig sullen Condoleeren, alsmede ook wanneer het quam te gebeuren, dat eene der twee voorsz: Oudste kinderen Erffgenamen en Volmagten, voor dat het Jongste Kind mondig is,  mogt komen aflijvigh te worden, Soo heeft sij Testatrice gewillt ende begeert, dat de Langtleevende van hem bijde, Soodanig person ofte Persoonen, nevens hem off haar tot mede administrateur, sal moogen v[er]kiesen, als sal oordeelen te behooren, deselve bij desen gevende Soodanige last en magt, als gem:[ene] twee voorn[oemde] Volmagten bij desen is gedragen.

            Uijtsluijtende ten dien eijnde alle Heeren Weesm:[eester]en, magistrate, ofte andere, die haar uijt kragte haaren Ampten eenigsints met den boedel soude willen bemoeijen, alle deselve en een ider vandien voor haar des anders te nemene Moeijte beleeft, en gants vrindelijk bedankende bij desen.

            Alle ‘t gene voorsz: Staat de Testatrice van woorde to word klaar en duidelijk voorgelesen Zijnde, verklaarde sij ‘t selve te wesen, haar testament laaste en uijtterste wil, menige ende  begeerte, willende en begeerede dat het selve daar voor valideeven, en Effect, sorteeren sal ‘t zij als testament, Solemneel, Codicil, Gifte uijt Sake des doods, ofte onder den Levende, Soo en als ‘t seere best en bestendigst na regten sal komt off moogen bestaan alwaar ‘t Sake dat hier inne eenige nodige, en naar regten v[er]eijgen te legtigtederen waren v[er]suijmt, die sij Testatrice Kaent als hier inne volkomen gemseneert, Versoekende mij Secretaris hier van te maken, en af te geven Instrument in Commune forma, om te strekken, na behooren, dat aldus passeerde aan Cabo de Goede Hoop, ten huijse van de Testatrice voorn:[oem]t, op Jaar, maand, dag, en uur voorsz:, ten opstaan van den adsistent Francois Poulle[13], en den burger Jan Basilius Crijtmar[14], als getuijgen van geloove hier te versogt die de minute deses nevens de Testatrice, ende mij Secretaris mede hebben.

Ondertekent (onderstont) Quod Attestor (was getek:[en]t) D:[anie]l Thibault Secretaris

Accordeert

A.[driaan][van] Kervel[15]

Secretaris

Extract from Pumla Gqola’s Dissertation Shackled Memories and Elusive Discourses? Colonial Slavery and the Contemporary Cultural and Artistic Imagination in South Africa (Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, 2004)

… Another project which addresses itself to the wide presence of slave ancestry in Afrikaner families is the documentary The Commander’s Slaves: A Different Kind of Landed Gentry, aired on e-tv in 1998 produced and directed by Ramola Naidoo. The women whose lives and lineages are traced to lead to the highest, most privileged of Afrikaner families, were sold to commanders and generals at the Cape in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In her review of the documentary for the Daily Dispatch, Barbara Hollands remarks,

It should be quite an eye opener, because what most of us don’t know is that these slave families ended up in a variety of enterprises like agriculture and wine farming and exerted considerable influence in the Cape.206 [Published in the July 1st, 2000 issue.]

Here, Hollands’s comments point to the ability of both claiming to always have known and a position of ignorance in white South African public positioning in relation to the past. It is part of the “new” phenomenon that Bishop Tutu would talk about where “[w]e were soon to discover that almost nobody would really now admit to having supported this vicious system”.207 [Tutu, Desmond. 1999. No Future without Forgiveness. Cape Town: Trafalgar, 15.]

Ramola Naidoo’s project is interesting for it suggests more than the fallacy of white racial purity. By tracing slave women as the grandmothers, and great-grandmothers of future South African presidents like Louis Botha, she goes further than this. She locates the presence of slave ancestry not only in the highest Afrikaner families, but also makes it clear that the white supremacist project of “racial purity” assertion was a conscious lie. It was fabricated consciously, and relied on the active repression of specific members of these families.

In his discussion of the documentary on the South Africa L-Archives in July 2000, Mansell Upham points to certain glossed over facts in Naidoo’s representations of the slave women. It is not clear from Naidoo’s documentary that the women on whom her narrative focuses posed contradictions. These freed women, Angela van Bengale, Catharina van Paliacatta, Maria Everts, at the centre of Naidoo’s text are not shown to have been slave owners themselves later. Suppressed is also the presence of their “criminal convictions, their greed, ruthlessness, dishonesty, connivance, sexual armoury“.208 [Mansell Upham. 2000. “Selective Memory/Selective Quoting”, South Africa L-Archives, hosted by Rootsweb, available at http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2000-07/0963230149 visited 20 July 2003.] Upham further questions Naidoo’s choice not to represent other slaves who were not privy to such fortune. All in all, for Upham the production was an “elitist and neo-classist, re-caste but promo-friendly documentary by an Indian South African woman of non-Cape heritage”.209 [Upham 2000.]

The problems with Naidoo’s representation point to the challenges of engaging in a project which dynamically reconstructs racial purity narratives in insurgent ways. What is interesting about Naidoo’s text is how she chooses to challenge this representation and the power struggle it entails. While it has become customary to assert that racial purity, the foundation of all white supremacist regimes, is a fallacy, what is striking about Naidoo’s project is that it goes beyond this assertion. Given that it has become commonplace to assert the falsity of “racial purity”, such projects hardly move beyond this assertion and can therefore become a mere repetition of these challenges. Naidoo’s documentary, the shortcomings identified above notwithstanding, shows the racial purity position in colonial and later apartheid narratives to be a self-consciously crafted position. If the leading Afrikaner families knew that there was slave ancestry in their families, then claims to racial purity and securing privileges based on the coupling of white racial purity with white supremacy, were a deliberate lie.

This can be used to support van Wyk’s position critiqued above. However, at the same time, the evidence uncovered by Naidoo and made public knowledge, serves to question the motives of the convenient “remembering” of slave ancestry by Afrikaners in a post-apartheid dispensation where their material as well as identitiary privilege is threatened.

Click to access Gqola_Pumla_Dineo.pdf

Address at The Official Opening of The Cape Town International Convention Centre, Cape Town, 28 June 2003

… In 1822, when Cape Town was already a bustling cosmopolitan port, Percy Bysshe Shelley said in his poem, Hellas:

“The world’s great age begins anew,
The golden years return,
The earth doth like a snake renew

Her winter weeds outworn;
Heaven smiles, and faiths and empires gleam,
Like wrecks of a dissolving dream.”

We too, have made bold to say that ‘the world great age begins anew’ and accordingly this is the African Century. ‘The golden years return’, the years of great African achievements in the arts, in science and mathematics, in architecture and technology.

…The Langebaan footprints have fossilised the memory of a woman strolling alongside the mighty Atlantic about 117, 000 years ago, as if to remind us that: this is the home, not only of the human predecessors, but of modern man and woman.

Three hundred and fifty years ago, the Western Cape was the home of the indigenous Khoikhoi and San who co-existed in harmony with nature as captured so poignantly by the artists, Tuoi Stefaans Samcuia and Brett Murray.

Sadly, Tuoi Stefaans Samcuia passed away a fortnight ago in the San settlement of Schmidtsdrift. I, and I am sure many of us here, are happy that his legacy and the spirit of an ancient San culture are fittingly displayed as a prominent centrepiece in the foyer of this Convention Centre…

Today, as we open this convention centre, on a winter’s night, Cape Town continues to thrive in its unique way. The Dutch East India Company is no more. The British Empire and the apartheid system that replaced it have disintegrated – like wrecks in a dissolving dream.

We are now living in a free, multicultural democracy in which we all have the real possibility of living in a peaceful, united and prosperous South Africa.

In Hellas Shelley reminds us of freedom and human creativity:

“Let there be light! said Liberty,
And like sunrise from the sea,
Athens arose.”

Again, Shelley speaks to us as South Africans, as Africans. ‘Let there be light! Said Liberty, and like sunrise from the sea Africa arose!’

Shelley also speaks of Cape Town. In the 1930s, Cape Town expanded and the Foreshore, the land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean and on which the convention centre is now built, rose like Shelley’s Athens. For years, this area was idle, derelict land alongside the Duncan Docks, one of Africa’s largest ports.

We may have reclaimed land from the mighty Atlantic Ocean but we must always remember that we are merely the custodians of this ancient land. In the same way the tide ebbs and flows, Cape Town will be enhanced by the rich diversity of cultures from far and wide.

In the new South Africa, there is indeed no restriction on freedom of movement and land ownership. We have no job reservation. Three hundred years of white minority domination of the land is being redressed.

…When the Wine Farmers and Fruit Growers gather here for their conference this year, may they too pay homage to some now-forgotten black farmers. I think of the Evert family, among the first slaves to be brought to the Cape in 1658 on the Dutch East India Company ship, the Hasselt.

Evert and Anna of Guinea were privately-owned slaves of Commander Jan van Riebeeck and Commander Zacharias Wagenaar [sic]. We do not know what their destiny may have been if the Portuguese slave ship which left Grand Popo on the West African Gulf of Guinea (now Benin) had succeeded in bearing its human cargo to South America.  

We do know what happened to them after the Portuguese ship was intercepted by the Dutch and they were captured by the Dutch East India Company ship [sic], the Hasselt, and Evert and Anna of Guinea were sold into slavery at the Cape in 1658. They were private domestic slaves to the Commanders at the Fort de Goede Hoop.

But they were later freed from slavery. As a freed slave, Evert was granted a garden not far away from here (near Roeland Street and Tuynhuys) where he grew fruit and vegetables. Later, Evert moved to Stellenbosch as one of its pioneer freed slave farmers but he died soon afterwards.

Evert and Anna’s daughter, Maria, was born into slavery at the Fort de Goede Hoop and later became one of the pioneering women farmers of the early 18th century. She is truly one of our most significant heroines who has graced our shores and is the ultimate symbol of triumph over adversity.

In her own right, the slave-born, Maria Everts, was the owner of several farms in Cape Town and along the West Coast. In the early 1700s, Maria tilled the soil and planted vines, fruit trees, corn and raised cattle and sheep just across Table Mountain. In 1713, Maria received the first title deed from the Dutch East India Company to the same farm, later known as the renowned and prestigious Camps Bay, not far away from this Convention Centre.

It was through the enterprise and endurance of Maria Everts’ son, Johannes Colijn, which established his family as premier winemakers and exporters in Simon van der Stel’s Constantia Valley for nearly 150 years during the 18th and 19th centuries.

This is surely a triumph for descendants of slaves who came in chains and yet epitomise the very role models, which we now seek in re-shaping and renewing our African continent. It is in this spirit that I am confident that this centre will grow from strength to strength.

Address of the President of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, at the Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of 1956 Women’s March:
Union Buildings, Tshwane, 9 August 2006 

Martha Dlamini remains to this day a freedom fighter, having refused to be broken by the detentions and the banning orders that the apartheid regime thought would destroy her determination to see the women and people of our country liberated from the yoke of racist oppression.

Martha Dlamini is now nearly 80 years old. This does not mean that we should forget her and the example she set. The sacrifices she made must serve to inspire all of us, including her grandchildren, to do the right things to ensure that we achieve the goal of a better life for the women of our country and our people as a whole, building a truly democratic, non-racial, non-sexist and prosperous country, free of the poverty that continues to afflict millions of our people.

Neither should we forget that she herself represents an unbroken chain of heroines and proud women that pass backwards through Charlotte Maxeke, Kasturba Gandhi and Valliamma Moonsamy, champions of passive resistance, back to the women who lived and worked in the Cape as slaves.

Among them were such indomitable women such as Swarte Maria Everts and Angela of Bengal who defied oppression to become very successful farmers after being freed from slavery. We must also continue to draw inspiration from the first women prisoners on Robben Island, the Khoi women like Krotoa, the slave-worker for Jan van Riebeeck, whom he called Eva, as well as Catherine of Paliacatt and Susanna of Bombasser, who endured harsh treatment that was to be visited on many more women in the prisons of our country. On this important day in our national calendar our thoughts also go to Saartjie Baartman and all the women who suffered inhuman abuse.

We must remember too the women who were confined in concentration camps during the South African War, otherwise referred to as the Anglo-Boer War. The words of Olive Schreiner must impact on our consciences when she said about these women: “My feeling is that there is nothing in life but refraining from hurting others, and comforting those that are sad.”

Issued by: The Presidency
9 August 2006

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[1] James C. Armstrong, ‘The Free Black Community at the Cape of Good Hope in the Seventeenth Century and Eighteenth Centuries’ (Dusquesne University History Forum, 1 November 1973), p. 11, n. 21, in which he references the following will: CA: CJ 2598 (Testamenten, Codicillen &a., 1702-1714), no. 62, fol. 171-177; There is no mention of Willem ten Damme whatsoever – and certainly nothing affectionate.

[2] Joanne Gibson, ‘SA wine history: The largely forgotten Colijns of Constantia’ (11 December 2018) – https://winemag.co.za/wine/opinion/joanne-gibson-the-largely-forgotten-colijns-of-constantia/ https://capetownmuseum.org.za/they-built-this-city/zwarte-maria-evert/. 

Bastiaen Colijn co-inherits equally from her deceased estate together with each of her nominated 6 children.  Their daughter [or Colijn’s daughter by another woman also named Maria?] Angneta Colijn, however, is not included. There is no provision whatsoever in the will for their daughter Johanna Colijn to farm at what is today Camp’s Bay.

[3] Thabo Mbeki, Address at The Official Opening of The Cape Town International Convention Centre, Cape Town, (28 June 2003) – vide full speech quoted infra.  The Dutch East India Company (VOC) ship Hasselt is erroneously conflated here with the Portuguese prize of Angolan slaves captured off the Brazilian coast of Bahia by the VOC ship Amersfoort.  The Hasselt had been specially outfitted by the VOC to purchase slaves from Black African slave traders at Grand Popo in present-day Benin – vide my article at the following link:           

An Impact Minimal, yet Phenomenal –

[4] Maria / Marie Evers: / Evert: / Everts: / Evertse alias Swarte Maria / Swarten Evert Marij  (1663-1713) [in her will signs Maria Evert – patronymic identifies biological father as Evert [ie de vrije Caffer Evert van Guinea, 1st personal slave manumitted (22 August 1659) at the Cape for collaborating with colonial Dutch by divulging hiding places of fellow runaway slaves] – born at the Cape (c. 1663), daughter of Evert van Guinea & Hoen/a aka Anna van Guinea – that she is heelslag is corroborated by the fact that she and her mother Hoen/a aka Anna van Guinea are resold into slavery and once freed become part of Evert’s household; foster sister to Lijsbeth van de Caep aka Lijsbeth Sanders:, daughter of Sabba aka Elizabeth (Lijsbeth) Arabus van Abissina; 1671:  manumitted with mother;  29 March 1676:  baptized:  Maria Evert Swartinnen met haar kint Anna; 22 March 1679:  Maria Evertsz: sentenced to 6 months forced labour for giving shelter to a runaway female slave [G. Con de Wet,  Die vryliede en vryswartes in die Kaapse nedersetting, 1657-1707 (1st ed.) (Historiese Publikasie-Vereniging Cape Town 1981), p. 213 & CA: CJ 2: Oorspronklike Regsrolle en Notule (Kriminiel en Siviel), 22 March 1679, p. 89 recto & verso];  5 November 1679:  marries free-black Gracias Maijalas van Angola aka Jackje Joije van Angola;  10 January 1680:  Jacob (from an unknown origin [van Bengale / Coromandel]) sold by Dirck Jansz: Smient to Grasias van Angola, vrijborger alhier for Rds 90; 3 July 1680: legal separation: Eodem die [Wednesday 3 July 1680] Jackje van Angola vrijb:[org]er contra Marie [sic] Everts: sijn vrouw, en ged:[agdess]e op enige misnoegen tusschen haer beijde Den eijs:[che]r produceert enige verclaringen tot adstructie van sijn pretensie, en versoeckt omme van d’ged:[agd]esse te werden gescheijden, de ged:[agd]esse verclaert d’attestatien onaennemel:[ijk]s en ontkent het daerinne door Swarte, en ongelovige beleijt, versoeckende, omme des gelijcx te mogen werden gesepareert. Den Raet &a ordonneert, en vindt goet, dat partijen van taffel, en beth sullen gescheijden blijven, sullende over haer goederen, door twee Leeden uijt den Raet nader werden gedisponeert [CA: CJ 2 (Jackje van Angola vrijb[org]er contra Marie [sic] Everts: sijn vrouw, en ged:[agdess]e, Wednesday 3 July 1680), p. 114].  Judicially separated from lawful husband (who is also known as Jackie Joy) claiming she had tried to poison him; she has children by various European men, inter alia the resident surgeon Willem ten Damme (from Oldenzaal in Overijssel), one named Kraak and Bastiaan Jansz: Colijn; 25 April 1689: sworn statement: Marij van de Caep [Maria Schalk:] concerning Maria Everts: and her foster sister Lijsbeth van de Caep aka Lijsbet Everts: Sanders: / Sandra: [CA:  CJ 291 (Criminele Processtukken, 25 April 1689), pp. 233-234]; 5 January 1697:  Coridon van Trancquebare (aged  20), sold by Jan Pietersz: van Vleugel to the free-black woman (vrijswartin) Maria Everts: for Rds 85;  8 May 1698: Martha van Bengale (aged 14), sold by William Erle to Maria Everts:, vryswartin, for 60 Rds [Anna J. Böeseken, Slaves and Free Blacks, p. 184];  9 June 1699:  Coridon van Madagascar, according to the wishes of the buyer called Cupido (aged 18) – “op ‘t begeer van de cooperesse” – sold by Abraham van Bogaard on the Pieter en Paul to Maria Everts: [Note: the reason for the insistence about him being renamed:  she already had a slave by the same name!];  18 January 1700: Hitsana Tancoba van Madagascar, (aged 20), sold by Heribertus van Dompselaar to Sebastiaan Colijn for Rds. 60;  15 February 1710:  Jan van Riebeeck’s granddaughter Johanna van Hoorn writes about her meeting at the Cape with Swarte Maria – we learn that her mother nursed the Van Riebeeck children [Anna J. Böeseken, Slaves and Free Blacks at the Cape, pp. 80-81];  13 April 1711:  Maria Evertz: granted land (60 morgen) [present-day Camps Bay] OCF 2/206 (13 April 1711) [diagram cancelled new diagram with T 2545/1901) land aghter de Kloof in Tafel Valley na de seestrand toe (Now erf 1355 Camps Bay) 60 morgen;  she is listed in the Opgaaf (1691, 1693, 1698 & 1700). She dies an extremely wealthy woman during the smallpox epidemic (1713).  She owns what is Camps Bay today and the farm Klawervlei … de Claveres Valleij … at Darling.  She has grazing and hunting rights in ‘t veld by de Sonquasfonteyn & aan de Drooge valley buyten de Groene Cloof. [CA: CJ 2, p. 114 (3 July 1688); CJ 2587, no. 62 (1713); RLR 2, p. 85 (3 November 1713); RLR 2, p. 119 (1 May 1714); CTD 11 Title Deeds, Cape, vol. 2, fol. 6 (13 April 1711); Deeds Office, Transport en Schepenkennissen (1724), Transportaktes T 1623 & T 1624 (3 October 1712); J. Leon Hattingh,’ Grondbesit in die Tafelvallei – Deel I:  Die Eksperiment:  Vryswartes as grondeienaars, 1652-1710’, Kronos (1985), vol. 10, pp. 32-48].

[5] Daniël Thibault / Thiebault (from Amsterdam, Noord-Holland) [cf. signature in CA: CJ 1023; Civ. Proc., 1708-1711, pp. 8-16] – brother-in-law to Abraham Poulle (vide infra); 1702:  joins VOC serving in Dutch East Indies; 1705:  arrives at the Cape on IJsselmonde as  soldaet bij de pen; 1707: appointed by Willem Adriaan van der Stel as p[rovisionee]l. assistent with salary of ƒ16 per month;  4 November 1708:  marries Cape Aletta de Beer, daughter of Jan Dircx: / Dirksz: de Beer (from Wageningen, Gelderland  but geboortigh van  t’ Rheensche Veen [near Utrecht]) and Anna van Velthuysen / Velthuysch (from Woerden, Utrecht)… Daniel Thiebault jongman van Amsterdam met Aletta de Beer jonged[ogter]. van de Caap;  21 July 1709:  baptism Cape of daughter Anna Thibault (1709-1792)  who marries (1 May 1729) Johannes Ley, son of Michiel Ley (from Basel, Switzerland) & Engela van Breda, VOC adelborst (1722) & free-burgher (20 January 1739)  – Ley dies (5 September 1769)  and his widow dies (11 July 1792);  1710 secretary of Raad van Justitie 1711:  boekhouer; 1 6 March1716:  onderkoopman.; 1727:  he dies; 11 February 1733; Adolf Jonker (c. 1709-1779) is put into the care of his widow [Council of Policy resolution (11 February 1733); Mansell Upham,  ‘God’s Slave & Afrikaner ‘Hearts of Darkness’ – Abdullah alias Adolf Jonker (c. 1709-1779)‘, Uprooted Lives – Unfurling the Cape of Good Hope’s Earliest Colonial Inhabitants (1652-1713), First Fifty Years Project (FFY)].

[6] Johannes Colijn / Colyn baptised Cape (26 December 1692):  den 26 Dito [December 1692] Een kint gedoopt van  Maria Everts:, onder getuijgenis van Bastian Jansz: Colijn, ende Dina van Soetermeer ende genaemt Joannes; owner of Klein Constantia; marries (1stly) 1 May 1718 Elsabe van Hoff,  widow of Johannes Jurgen  Kotze, daughter of:  Lammert / Lambert Lourens: van Hoff (from Norway) and Margaretha Vissers:);  marries (2ndly) 23 September 1724 Johanna Appel, daughter  of  Ferdinandus Appel & Sophia (Lavina / Levina / Louwina) Cloete – she marries (2ndly) 21 February 1745 Lambert Myburgh, widow of Anna Clara Koutsing (son of Albert Myburgh & Elsie van der Merwe) [Matthijs P.S. van der Merwe, Groot Constantia 1685-1885:  Its owners and occupants (South African Cultural History Museum, Cape Town 1997)].

[7] Ever / Evert Colijn / Colyn baptised Evert Cape (3 October 1700):  3 Octob:[e]r van Maria Evertz: onder getuyge van Bastiaan Colijn & Cornelia Everts: [Cornelia Everina Craak / Kraak], gen:[aam]t  Evert;  3 October 1724: acquires the farm De Mosselbank aan de Diep Rivier in the Cape District from the deceased estate of his mother Maria Everts: [T 1626] (3 October 1724) OCF 2/206] – and previously acquired (2 June 1717) jointly by the heirs of Maria Everts: from the deceased estate of Hendrik Bouwman [Hinrich Baumann] (from Dithmarschen) [T 1173]; 1732 occupies the leenplaats named Altona geleegen Agter de Cloof tusschen de Tafelberg en Leeuwen Cop; 1736: refuses to serve in a commando to round up runaway slaves under freed Cape-born slave Philip Constant– when summoned to explain himself, informs Krijgsraad that he ‘knows no Constant who has command (hij geen Constant en kent die komande heeft)’ and he is also not inclined (niet van sins) to submit to Constant’s command, because Constant is a freed slave (‘om dat het een vrijgegevene slaaff is’) but Krijgsraad rebukes him for his impudence and threatens to report him to the Governor [CA: BRK 1, Minutes of the Burgerkrijgsraad, 9 April 1736; S. Newton-King, ‘Philip Constant and Evert Colijn’, unpublished conference paper, December 2012; Susan Newton-King, “Slavery, Race and Citizenship: The Ambiguous Status of Freed Slaves at the Cape in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries” in Iva Peša & Jan-Bart Gewald (eds.), Magnifying Perspectives – Contributions to History: A Festschrift for Robert Ross, African Studies Centre, University of Leiden (2017), pp. 99-100]; marries (15 March 1739) Adriana / Ariaantje van Deventer, daughter of Jan van Deventer and Magdalena Brits; after her death, his children are taken away (3 August 1750) [C. Spoelstra, Bouwstoffen voor de Geschiedenis der Nederduitsch-Gereformeerde Kerken in Zuid-Afrika  (Amsterdam 1906), pp. 277-278]; 27 August 1750:  … Ten Laatsten is nog geleesen seeker vertoog en Schriftuur door den Eerw:[aerde] Kerkenraade ter deeser plaatse in volgende bewoordingen overgegeven. Aan den Wel Edelen Gestr: Heere Hendrik Swellengrebel, Raad Extraordinaris van Neederlands India Gouverneur van Cabo de goedehoop &:a benevens den E:[dele] Agtb:[are] Politicquen Raad. Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] Heer en E:[dele] Agtb:[are] Heeren. Het Collegie van Kerkenraad alhier aan Cabo de goedehoop geeft met schuldige Eerbied Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E:[dele] Agtb:[are] te kennen, dat Evert Colijn die een der huijsjes van deese diakonie bewoont, en voor so verre onder deese diakonie sorteert, sijn Ses kinderen heel spoorloos Laat opgroeijen, daar bij berooijt en sonder kledingen tot dekkinge hunner naakte Lichamen soo maar laat heenloopen, tot geen geringe Schande en Ergernis voor een Igelijk die deselve moet aanschouwen, temeer nog dewijl sig daar onder bereijts een huwbaare dogter van omtrent Sesthien a Seventhien Jaaren bevind, daar en boven deselve veelmaalen soo onbehoorelijk kastijdende, dat sulx alle paalen en maaten te buijten gaat, gelyk den predikant Van der Spuij en Eenige der andere Leeden van Kerkenraade dit bij ondersoek bevonden hebben, wanneer eenige dier kinderen haar beklag diesweegens bij ons sijn komen doen, sonder dat hij Colijn daarover aangesprooken sijnde, hier in Eenige verbeeteringen heeft tragten toe te brengen off geneegen is geweest deese sijne kinderen aan de toesigt deeser diakonie heeft willen overgeeven, ten Eynde door derselver besorging een beter opvoeding te kunnen erlangen: Weshalven kerkenraade vermits hij daar toe geduurig nog al even onwillig blijft genootsaakt is haar toevlugt tot Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E:[dele] Agtb:[are] te neemen met Eerbiedig versoek dat wij hier in mogen werden gemaintineert endat het Uwe Wel Edele gestr:[enge] en E:[dele] Agtb:[are] behagen mogte meergem:[elde] Colijn te ordonneeren syne kinderen aan dese Diakonie over te geeven, ten Eynde deselve als dan een goede en Christelijke opvoedinge sullen geworden / onderstond / T welk doende &:a. En is naar overweeginge van het daar bij ter needer gestelde en om de geallegueerde redenen, verstaan te Condescenderen in het versoek van haar Eerw:[aarde] welken volgende dan aan den burger Evert Colijn sal worden geordonneert, desselfs ses kinder ter behoorelijke en Christelyke Educatie aan de Diaconije ter deeser plaatse overtegeven. Aldus Geresolveerd ende Gearresteerd Int Casteel De Goede hoop Ten dage en Jaare voorsz: H:k Swellengrebel R: Tulbagh S Swellengrebel Hend:k de Ruijter R S Allemann N:s Heijning C Brand Corn:s Eelders J:s degrandpreez R:[aad]t en Secret:[aris] [CA: C 128, pp. 160-176 (Resolutions of the Council of Policy) & TANAP (27 August 1750)]; 18 July 1758:  Voorts wierd door den Heer Independent Fiscaal Pieter Reede Van Oudshoorn ter Voldoening aan het geresolveerde, onder den 21 Maart Pass:[ad]o overgeleevert het onderstaande berigt: Aan den Wel Edelen Gestr:[enge] Heere, Rijk Tulbagh Raad Extra ordinaris Van Neederlands India, mitsgaders Gouverneur van Cabo de Goede Hoop en den Ressorte van dien &:a &:a &:a beneevens den E:[dele] Agtb[aa]r: Raad Van Politie, Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] Heer, en E:[dele] Agtb[a]r:e Heeren! Door Uw Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E:[dele] Agtb:[a]re Volgens Raadsbesluijt van den 21: der gepasseerde Maand Maart deeses Jaars, Aan den Ondergeteekenden ter hand gesteld geworden Sijnde Een Lijst Van Soodanige Landbouwers als in gebreeken Sijn gebleeven, omme hunne Resp:te agterstallige Recognitie Penningen Voor derselver Van d’ E:[dele] Comp:[a]gn[ie] in Leening hebbende Vee-Plaatsen ter behoorlijken tijd aan d’ E[dele] Compag:[a]n[ie] te koomen Voldoen; Soo heeft den selven thans d’ Eere Uw Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en Edele] Agtbr:[are]s eerbiedigst te berigten: Dat, onder de op Voor[noe]m:[de] Lijst bekend Staande Landbouwers, eenige Weijnige hunne agterstallen betaalt hebbende, den Vertoonder aldaar Meede genoteert gevonden heeft den Persoon van Evert Colijn, weegens een Agterstal Van 18 Jaaren; Weshalven hij Vertoonder dan niet heeft kunne Mancqueeren, den evengesegde Colijn tot dies betalinge op ‘t Serieuste aan te dringen, dan Nademalen den Selven daarop in gemoede is koomen te betuijgen; dat hij Volgen Zijn best weeten alreets Voor Ruijm 18: Jaaren Zijn Leenplaats gen:[aam]t ‘t Roode Sand geleegen agter de Leeuwen en Tafelberg Verlaaten heeft, en tot dies Roijeering Zeekeren doenmaals alhier geweesenen Adsistent Versoek heeft gedaan; ‘t welk ook bij een ider Ligtelijk bevroed kan worden, uijt Aanmerkinge, hij Colijn Reets Seedert een Ruijmte Van Jaaren ter Saake Zijner Armoede door de Diaconijdeeser Steede is onder houden geworden, en hij Colijn oversulx Vermeijnt van bovengem:[elde] Schuldvordering ontheft te Sijn; Soo heeft den Ondergeteekende van Zijn pligt geagt, ‘t Voorenstaande mits deesen aan Uw Wel Edele Gestr: en E:[dele] Agtbr:[aar]s open teleggen, omme deesen Aangaande bij Uwer Wel Edele Gestr[renge] en E:[dele] Agtb[a]r:[e] Soodanig gedisponeert te werden, als bevonden Zal werden te behooren. / was geteekent / P:V: Reede Van Oudshoorn in Margine Exhibitum in Raade Van Politie den 18 Julij A:[nn]o 1758. Naar welkers Lectuure verstaan is om het Agterstallige op de Leenplaats van den Burger Evert Colijn gen:[aam]t Altona geleegen Agter de Cloof tusschen de Tafelberg en Leeuwen Cop bij ‘t ter Politicque Secretarije berustend Ordonnantie Boek te doen Roijeeren … [CA: C 136, pp. 268-278 (Resolutions of the Council of Policy) & TANAP (18 July 1758)].

[8] Jacobus Willemsz: ten Damme (1679-1713) baptised Cape (6 August 1679): … Den selfden dito (6 Augusti) Jacobus – [mother] Swarte Mary dochter van Swarte Evert van Genee [witness]  Jacomyn Hendricks: [Jacomina (Jacomijn / Jacomijntje) Thomasz: Frost / Vrost, wife of Hendrik Jacobsz: (from Westerkerke), alias Tielemans Hendrik] … ; [CA: MOOC 7/1/2,  no. 27 (Jacobus Willemsz: ten Damme) – his will confirms his Colijn siblings except for Agneta Colijn]; 1712 (Opgaaf); MOOC 7/2 27 Copia (24 June 1713 at 8 o’clock in the evening), Jacobus Willemsz: ten Damme, burger en inwoonden alhier, siekelijk te bedde leggende … aan sijn broeder gen[aam]t. Johannes Colijn een slaav met name Alexander van Madagascar, drie hondert schapen en een wagen met tien beesten, soo verklaarde de testateur to sijn erfgen: … sijn twee broeders, en drie susters , mitsgaders den burger Bastiaan Colijn, en dat ider in egale portie … so en indiervoegen als uijt het testament bij der testateurs moeder Zal[ige]r: in dato den 8e deser, …;  dies June 1713.

[9] Cornelia Everina Craak / Kraak (c. 1681-ante February 1726) [signs name Cornelia Everina Kraak] born Cape c. 1681; baptised Cape (23 August 1693):  Den 23 Dito (Augustii) Sijn na voorgaende belijdenisse door het sacrament van den H:[eilige] Doop het Christendom ingelijst te weten … Item een kindt van de vrijborgeresse Maria Everts: genaemt Cornelia Everina van de Caep; marries (civil union) Pieter Christiaan Behrens / Behrensz: / Barendsz: (1696-1729) (from Hamburg or Glückstadt);  arrives 1720;  burgher 1723; he marries (2ndly) 17 February 1726 Hermina Herwig (from Amsterdam), widow of Anton Martens: / Anthonij Martensz: (from Celle in Hanover), formerly widow of Johanna Basilius Kretzschmar (from Saalveld and widow of Abram Abrams Staal (from Emden)  – her 2nd husband had been the widow of Sara Claasen Moller (daughter of Johanna Claus Moeller (from Hamburg) and Henrietta Claas aka Wittebol];  at time of 2nd marriage his estate is valued at 16,000 guilders;

                1719 (Opgaaf):    No. 21:  Cornelia Kraak

                1721 (Opgaaf):    No. 210:  Cornelia Craak: 1 woman; 2 adult male slaves; 1 adult female slave; 2 slave boys; 2 slave girls; Cape District

                1725:                     Joint will: Pieter Christiaan Barentsz: [signs Behrensz:]

He dies (1729) [CA: CJ 2603 (Will: Cornelia Everina Kraak,  1725), no. 13; J. Hoge, Personalia, pp. 23, 220, 259 & 278; Requesten 1723: 51; CJ 1256: 1;  MOOC 7/1/3,  no. 119; CJ 1073: 13 & 42: CJ 1074: 15; MOOC 7/1/2,  no. 26].

[10] Johanna Colijn aka Johanna Jacoba Colyn baptised (Cape 9 April 1694):  den 9 dito (April) een kindt gedoopt waer van moeder is Maria Everts:, tot getuijge stondt Bastiaen Colijn, ende Dina van Soetermeer, is genaemt Johanna; 29 February 1724:  farms at present-day Camps Bay:  … Daar na leijde den Edelen Heer Gouverneur ter tafel over twee verklaaringen Sijn Edele door de burgeresse Johanna Colijn  ter handen gestelt, met dewelke zij tragte aan te toonen dat sekere weg agter de cloof van de Tafel en Leeuwenberg omtrent haar aldaar leggende plaats, door haar eijgen arbeijds volk gemaakt was, ende dat bevoorens aldaar nooijt geen andere tot eens anders dienst was geweest, sustineerende uijt dien hoofde dat deselve bij haar ook maar alleen mogte gebruijk werden, waar over geraadpleegt en aangemerkt zijnde, eerstelijk dat de voorsz verklaaringen malkanderen volkomen quamen te contradiceeren, ende ten anderen dat een weg over ‘s heeren grond streckende noodsakelijk voor een igelijk ingeseten algemeen meeste geagt werden, niet alleen, maar dat de gemelte Johanna Colijn tegens de verleende vrijheijd bij haare erfbrief, die uijtdruckelijk verbied geen houd selfs op haar eijgen land buijten permissie van de overheijd te kappen, en de gestatueerde paene bij de oridinaire consent briefjes, zig niet quam te ontsien dagelijx eenige vragten brandhout en kalk door haare wagens van agter de cloof te doen aanvoeren, daaromme ook goedgevonden en verstaan haar te ordonneeren dat zij de gemelte weg in questie voor een igelijk sal moeten vrij ende tot gebruijk open laten, ofte dat deselve anders aanstonts zal werden toegesmeeten ende gedemolieert, gelijk haar insgelijx wel expresselijk sal werden geordonneert, gelijk geordonneert werd bij deesen, dat sig voortaan sal hebben te wagten geen brandhoud of kalk met haare wagens van agter de cloof te laten aanbrengen, op paene dat niet alleen gedagte kalk en brandhout, maar selfs de wagens en beesten zullen werden geconfisqueert, ten zij dat het selve mogte strecken tot haar huijs gebruijk, naar bekomene permissie, ende zulx te rekenen tweemaal vier en twintig uuren na dat haar hier van de weet zal gedaan zijn, het welk door de boode deser Raatkamer aanstonts na het scheijden der vergadering sal moeten gedaan warden … [CA: C 70, pp. 76-84 (Resolutions of the Council of Policy (29 February 1724) vide TANAP & C 341 (Attestatiën, 1723-1724), pp. 585-590];  marries Cape (20 January 1732) Carl Georg Wieser (from Heidelberg in the Palatinate); granted (1743) Poespaskraal; 1 son:   Jan Daniel Wieser (baptised 6 July 1732) who marries Anna Dorothea Hiebner, daughter of Joachim Daniel Hiebner (from Gadebusch) & Johanna Jordaan, widow of Adriaan de Necker by whom 1 daughter Johanna Carolina Wieser (baptised 3 April 1763) who marries (6 May 1781) Olof Marthinus Bergh, son of Oloff Martin Bergh and Egbertha Boesses (from Heusden).

[11] Maria Colijn / Colyn baptised Cape (27 May 1696):  27 Maij 1696 Gedoopt het kint van Maria Everts: onder getuijgen van Jan Bastiaens: Colijn en Maria Schalck genaamt Maria; marries (12 December 1723) Johannes Heyns, son of Paulus Heyns and Maria Schalck/s:.

[12] Sebastiaen (Bastiaen) Janse van s’ Gravensan aka Bastiaen Jansz: Colijn (from s’-Gravenzande in Zuid-Holland) – listed as knecht in Muster (1672):     Huijs timmerluij

• Adriaen van Brakel baes [later free-burgher Baes Arie aka Adriaen (Arie) Willemsz: van Brakel (from ‘s-Hertogenbosch]
• Gerrit Sweers: [Gerrit Sweeris: van As voor adelborst en 10 gul.[den] ‘s maants, anno 1666 met ‘et schip Dorth hier aangelant, wert bij dese op sijn versoeck 13 g[u]l.[den] per maant toegeleijt, aangesien hij als huijstimmerman, zedert sijn aankomste alhier is gebruijckt geworden, en sal voorts in gem.[elde] dienst totdat sijn verbonden tijt g’expireert is, moeten continueren – vide Council of Policy resolution (15 March 1669 [CA: C 5 (Vrijdagh den 15en Maart 1669), pp. 48-55 and TANAP]    knechts
• Bastiaen Janssen [Bastiaen Jansz: Colijn (from s’-Gravenzande in Zuid-Holland)]

[CA:  VC 39, vol. 2:  Muster Roll of Officers and Men at the Cape 1656-1673 [pp. 137-155]. Later free-burgher, fathers 5 children by Maria Everts: – they live together as common law husband and wife being unable to marry legally: she is legally separated from her free-black husband Jackie Joy van Angola – even if divorce proper had been granted, it is illegal anyhow for her as a heelslag to marry a white or European man. 

[13] Abraham Poulle (from Amsterdam) – brother-in-law to Daniël Thibault (vide supra) – serves in Batavia as 3rd chirurgyn; 1699 Kommissaris Wouter Valckenier appoints him assistent with salary of ƒ24 per month; later 1st sworn clerk, secretary of Council of Justice and vendumeester; 1710: Goewerneur-generaal Joan van Hoorn permits him to go as boekhouer to Batavia [Kol. Arch. 4028: Ingecomen Papieren, 1704 & CA: CJ 1026: Civ. Processtukken, 1710-1712, p. 18] 2 April 1702:  marries at the Cape Martina Hendina de Beer, daughter of Jan Dircx: / Dirksz: de Beer (from Wageningen, Gelderland but geboortigh van  t’ Rheensche Veen [near Utrecht]) and Anna van Velthuysen / Velthuysch (from Woerden, Utrecht); 3 sons:  Francois Louis Poulle (baptized Cape 24 May 1705), Joannes Poulle (baptized Cape 13 November 1707 ) and Joan Abraham Poulle (baptized Cape 31 March 1709).

[14] Johann Basilius Crijgsma / Kretzschmar (1677-1719) (from Saalveld) – arrives at the Cape as soldier; 1702-1708:  knecht hired out as shoemaker;  free-burgher and shoemaker;  1708:  marries  Hermina Herwig (from  Amsterdam), widow of Abraham Staal [J. Hoge, Personalia of the Germans at the Cape, Argiefjaarboek (1946), p. 220 & CJ 2650: Testamenten, 1709- 1715, no. 132, pp. 601-606];  1712 Anton Martens (1687-1725) (from Celle in Hanover) who arrives (1710) at the Cape as soldier on ‘t Raadhuijs van Middelburgh serving him as shoemaker and becoming free-burgher and independent shoemaker (1713), marrying 1stly (1713) Sara Möller, and marrying 2ndly (1720) Hermina Herwig, widow of Crijgsma [CA: CJ 2600: Testamenten en Codicillen, 1719-1721, nos. 65 en 73; CJ 2602: Testamenten en Codicillen, 1722-1725, no. 14, pp. 77-84] 17 February 1726  Hermina Herwig (from Amsterdam), widow of Anton Martens: / Anthonij Martensz: (from Celle in Hanover), formerly widow of Johanna Basilius Kretzschmar (from Saalveld and widow of Abram Abrams: Staal (from Emden) – her 2nd husband had been the widow of Sara Claasen Möller (daughter of Johanna Claus Möller (from Hamburg) and Henrietta Claas aka Wittebol] marries (4thly)  Pieter Christiaan Behrens: / Behrensz: / Barendsz: (from Hamburg or Glückstadt), widower of Cornelia Everina Craak / Kraak (vide supra);  at time of his 2nd marriage, estate is valued at 16,000 guilders.

[15] Adriaan van Kervel (1681-1737) (from’s-Gravenhage) – according to his will born c.  1684 at ‘s Gravenhage, son of  Johannes van Kervel, clerk in de griffie van den hove van Holland;  1714:  unmarried, draws up will as boekhouer & secretary of the Weeskamer;  1716 promoted to onderkoopman already at that time raad van Justitie [CA: CJ 2650: Testamenten,1709-1715, no. 114, pp. 502-508 & Kol. Arch. 463: Brieven van de Zeventienen, 1709-1717, 24 June 1716, (unpaginated)]; 14 June 1716:   marries Aletta Corsenaar, daughter of Willem Corsenaar & Catharia Cruse; he dies (19 September 1737).