AN INQUIRY INTO THE ANCESTRY OF THE CAPE-BORN JOHANNA KEMP (c. 1689-1778) – WIFE OF JACOB KRüGER (from Sadenbeck)
by Mansell George Upham (Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan August 2009) ©
This article investigates genealogically the origins of a Cape of Good Hope-born woman variously found recorded as:
Jo(h)anna (Jannetje) Kemp (c. 1689-1778).
Unfortunately much of the documentary evidence is scant. Careful scrutiny of the relevant available church and other official records for the Dutch VOC-occupied Cape and the ongoing documentation and individual identification by the writer of each and every one of the early colony’s recorded population – also by way of process of elimination for the period (1652-1713) – have resulted in the following likely hypothesis.
Beatrice van Cochin (c. 1650-1720)
The witness to Johanna Kemp’s confirmation (13 February 1716) is Maaij Beatrice van Cochin (c. 1650-1720).
Cochin is on the Malabar Coast [Kerala] of the Indian sub-continent.[1]
She is recorded variously as:
- Maije Battrice
- Beatrice van Couchin
- Beatrise van Coutchin
- Beatrix van Couchin
- Beretrice van Coutchin
- Berties Cornelisse van Coetzien
- Bertries van Coutshin
- Betrise
- Berties Cornelisse van Coetzien
- Bertris Cornelis
- Bertrise van Couchien
- Bertrisia van Couchin
- Betrice van Cout[s]hin
- Matries
- Matriessi
From the Indian sub-continent, she is the freed slave woman and former matron (matres or matrice) of the Company Slave Lodge. She is also the widow of Claes Cornelisz: (c. 1663-1709), the Cape-born ‘half-breed’ (halfslag) teacher (schoolmeester) at the Company Slave Lodge. Her late husband is half-brother to Armozijn Claes: (c. 1660-1733), the Cape-born full-breed (heelslag) who succeeds Beatrice as matres; and in turn, is succeeded by Armozijn’s daughter, Manda Gracia: (c. 1679-1719).[2]
Beatrice and her husband are usually unambiguous about their blood ties when making a number of testamentary legacies. So is Armozijn Claes:.
The family links manifest themselves again in the deceased estate of Manda Gracia where monies are owing to Maije Battrice and when Frans van Leeuwen (c. 1701-1726) appointed as his heirs, his maternal grandmother Armosyn Claesz:, and later his siblings.
In her will Beatrice leaves a substantial legacy to her two-year old slave girl Maria van de Caab. The daughter of Christina van Bengale and already manumitted (vrij-gegeeven), she is baptized – no father is recorded – at the Cape (1 October 1719). Maria is to be manumitted and allowed to join the household of Jacob Krüger (from Sadenbeck) and his wife, Johanna Kemp.[1]
Intermarriage is also evident. Cecilia Kruger, daughter of Johanna Kemp, marries (21 August 1738) Heinrich Hesse (from Mulheim), the widower of Armosyn Claesz:’s granddaughter Maria Francina Cleef (c. 1709-1738). The close association between Beatrice, her late husband and Johanna Kemp, begs further enquiry.
Beatrice and her husband, however, also have a close association with the family of the Cape-born mulatta (Eurafrican):
Maria Schalks: (c. 1664-1700)
Blood ties between the two families appear to be extremely likely – even though not found anywhere specifically mentioned. Not only do Claes Cornelisz: and Maaij Beatrice witness the baptism (23 September 1691) of Maria Schalks:’s daughter Anna Heyns [4], they also witness the baptism (26 April 1705) of Maria Schalks:’s grandson Michiel Eksteen.[5] Most likely a blood relative, provision too is made for the same Michiel Eksteen to inherit a legacy from the joint estate of his godparents, Claes Cornelisz: and Maaij Beatrice.[6] The child’s father, Heinrich Ooswald Eksteen (c. 1678–1747) from Löbenstein, is also one of the executors to Maaij Beatrice’s deceased estate.[7]
Why the continued association with the families of Johanna Kemp and Maria Schalks:? Are these two women in any way related by blood to each other?
Johanna Kemp’s parentage
Johanna Kemp has to be baptized before she can marry. Being Cape-born, her baptism should be on record. In keeping with Dutch colonial naming patterns, she appears to name her daughter Cecilia after her mother. Her baptism is probably the one for the Company slave Joanna (27 February 1689) whose mother is also a Company slave named Cecilia at the Cape Church.[8] Johanna Kemp is one of the few listed Company slave school children named Jannetje or Johanna in the muster of Company slaves (1692 / 1693).[9] Either her mother (or some benefactor) would buy her daughter’s freedom or Johanna Kemp has to wait until she is 22 before she can be manumitted in terms of her right to freedom as a halfslag or person with European ancestry. If she cannot prove sufficient European ancestry, her manumission procedure, will be more complicated legally.
Her mother’s deceased estate, of which only the Liquidation and Distribution Account have been found, confirms that she goes by the name Cecilia Swerisse and that she has a minor daughter name Johanna Kemp procreated by one Nicolaas Kemp.[10] At the time of her mother’s marriage (10 November 1709) to Jacob Jacobsz: Vliet (from Harlingen in Frisia), Johanna Kemp would be a minor voordogter.[11] They appear as a household in the Cape District in the Opgaaf (1712).[12] Cecilia Sweeres baptizes two more children:
- Jacob Pieter Vliet (baptised Cape 13 September 1711)[13] &
- Gerrit Vliet (baptised Cape 26 February 1713).
Cecilia Sweeris and her two sons die in the Smallpox epidemic (1713). Vliet is not listed in the Opgaaf (1716 or 1719).
Nicolaas Kemp
Johanna Kemp’s paternity has yet to be established with more certainty. The adoption of the name Kemp is a likely indicator of biological paternity. However, some slaves adopt the names of stepfathers, and sometimes former owners.[14] The Liquidation and Distribution Account of Cecilia Swerisse’s deceased estate states that her daughter Johanna Kemp is fathered by one Nicolaas Kemp. No such man at the Cape has been found in the records.
There is, however, a banished mesties convict from Batavia named Johannes Kemp. He is listed as a slave in the muster for the Company Slave Lodge (1692/1693). He appears as a witness to a Company slave baptism (29 May 1695).[15] Thereafter Johannes Kemp appears as the mandoor (1701) and he features (1710) in the Company Journal requesting permission to return to Batavia. He is sent to the Cape from Ceylon (already by 1688).[16] The baptismal entry for Joanna (1689) records the infant as een swardt. If Johannes Kemp is indeed her biological father, this would make some sense in the light of him being recorded as mesties.
Cecilia Sweeres (dies 1713)
Cecilia’s parentage is likely explained by the baptismal entry (9 August 1686). Two sisters, Cecilia and Margarita, (no longer infants?) are jointly baptized. Their mother, a Company slave, is recorded as Janne Bastiaens and their father as Cornelis Soldaet.[17] These two siblings do not appear to have been infants at baptism.[18] The identity of Cornelis Soldaet has yet to be established with any certainty. Is his family name Soldaet or did the word merely identify him as being a soldier of the Company garrison? Does he go by the family name of Sweris or is this an adopted name honouring the illustrious and influential Sweers family?[19]
Salomon Sweers (c. 1611-1674)
He is a very prominent VOC official in the Dutch East Indies. He is born at Nijmegen in the Netherlands (15 June 1611). The son of Aerent Sweers and Alida van Bronkhost, some of his siblings also join him in the Dutch East Indies. He marries (16 August 1637) Catharina Jansd[ogte]r van Hoorn, the widow of Dirck Jemming. He dies (2 February 1674). His siblings are:
- Judith,
- Jan,
- Jacob,
- Abraham,
- Catharina,
- Isaac, and
- Benjamin (dies 1642).
His brother Jacob Sweers is married to Maria aux Brebis (from Wesel) in the Duchy of Cleves, but born in Hamburg, the widow of Adriaen Anthonissen / Anthonijsz: and later the widow of David de Bucq(u)oij whose 4th husband is the Cape’s 2nd commander Zacharias Wagenaer (from Dresden). Catharina Sweers marries (31 July 1642) Jeremias van Vliet (dies 1633).[20]
The Sweers family has regular contact with the Cape. This is evident, for example, with the power of attorney that the Japanese free-black and Cape burgher Anthonij de Later grants to Salomon Sweers, then merchant in Amsterdam.[21] Also, the sister-in-law of Salomon Sweers is married to the Cape’s 2nd commander, Zacharias Wagenaer.
The above family is probably related to another contemporary and prominent VOC official Balthasar Sweers. Until 1685 he is the secunde at the VOC post in Japan. In 1691 he obtains a seat on the Council of Justice at Batavia and soon thereafter is appointed opperkoopman at the Castle in Batavia. Reasons for his sudden dismissal, however, do not appear to be furnished in the official papers. In 1692 he is given permission to repatriate dog buyten qualiteyt en gagie. He requests to repatriate as opperbevelhebber instead of Willem Kemp, who, as skipper of the Waterland, occupies the highest position in the Return Fleet. According to a resolution of the Council of Policy at the Cape, his seniority is acknowledged, but he does not occupy at the time any position of authority and is technically no longer in service (… tegens de goede raad en met geen genoegen van de regering uit sijn dienst).[22]
There is also a Lourens Sweris (from Amsterdam) who is a free-burgher at the Cape.[23] He marries Neeltje Andriese (from Middelburg), the widow of Martin Best (from Amsterdam). His widow remarries (9 June 1720) Stephan Winterhoff (from Neuenrode). He is an unlikely candidate, however, as his 1st known appearance in the records is too late to qualify him for paternity of Cecilia Sweris.
More significantly, one Gerrit Sweers appears listed (1672) as part of the garrison and one of the knechts of the huijs timmerluij under baes Adriaen (Arie) Willemsz: van Brakel (from ‘s Hertogenbosch) at the Cape.[24]
Janne Bastiaens:
Cecilia Swerisse’s mother appears to be one of the 1st Cape-born heelslag [?] Company slaves. She is unlikely baptized in the mass baptism by Rev. Petrus Cassier of unnamed Company slave infants (16 September 1663), and more likely she is the Jannetie who is baptized as an adult Company slave (23 February 1678) together with Armozijn Claes: (c. 1660-1733)?[25] There are a number of contemporary (but younger) Company slave women (some of whom are later manumitted) all named Jo(h)anna (also recorded with the derivative diminutives Janne(ke), Jannetie, Jannetje or Jannetgen):
- Johanna Matthijs,
- Jannetje Oelofse,
- Jannetje Hansen (alias Jannetje Rutgertroost and Johanna Antonijsz:),
- Johanna Titus,
- Jannetje Willemsz: &
- Jannetje van Wijck.
None of these, however, fit the profile.[26] Janne Bastiaens: appears to baptize (24 January 1677) an earlier child Maria.[27] This child is in all probability the same person as the Cape-born Maria Pieters:.[28] Maria Pieters: is probably the concubine of Andreas Peters: (from Lübeck). Enumerated (1705) next to the free-black woman Maaij Claesje van Angola, she marries at the Cape (11 November 1703) the free-fisherman Pieter Pietersz: de Groot (from Amsterdam).[29] He is one of the few white members of the Cape’s predominantly free-black fishing community.[30] She and her husband are enumerated in the Opgaaf:
- (1705) no. 135,
- (1709) no. 472 and
- (1712) no. 105.
She appears as a widow in the Opgaaf (1719) no. 368. Their daughter Cecilia de Groot initially a halfslagh Company slave (baptised Cape 3 December 1690) marries at the Cape (3 March 1709) Heinrich Brüning / Bruinink (from Lingen). Janne Bastiaens: probably baptizes three more children after the joint baptism of Cecilia and Margarita:
- Willemina (1689),
- Gerrit (1690) and possibly a 4th child
- Joannes (1693).[31]
Her daughter Willemina is most likely the same person as Willemina Willems: (c. 1689-1713) who marries at the Cape (27 December 1711) Jan Rogier (from Morsselen).[32] She appears to be one of the many victims of the Smallpox epidemic (1713). Thereafter her husband remarries (10 September 1713) Margaretha Harmens: Hartingh.[33]
Is Janne Bastiaens: ever manumitted? There appear to be two women named Jannetje van de Caep recorded in the Opgaaf (1692) and only one in the Opgaaf (1695).[34] In the muster (1695), Mattijs Coolder [Calmer?] and Cecilia van de Caab are listed at Drakenstein (p. 150) and van de Caap is listed in the Cape District (p. 156).[35] Janne Bastiaens:’s origins can possibly be explained by investigating the parentage of Maria Schalks:. Her mother and stepfather are closely associated with the free-burgher Matthijs Calmer and his wife, Jannetje van de Caep [see below under the heading Abraham van Guinea]. Is Calmer’s wife the same person as Janne Bastiaens: ? Could she be an older sister to Maria Schalks:?
Maria Schalks: (c. 1664-1700)
A Company mulatta (Eurafrican) and mother of a voordogter, Maria Schalks: is manumitted (8 May 1686), together with two other halfslag (‘halfcast’):
- Armosijn de Grote (c. 1658-1713) &
- Jannetje Bort (c. 1662 -1713).
All three women are seconded Company slaves in the household of the governor Simon van der Stel. Prior to manumission, a Company slave woman Maria Sara baptizes a son Dirk Johannes (14 October 1685). Groot Armosij witnesses the baptism of the infant son fathered by one Dirk Adam.[36] Could this be the same person as Maria Schalks: or is Dirck Adam her brother? After manumission, Maria Schalks: (recorded as Marije van de Caep vrij swartinne)[37], joins the household in Table Valley of Armosyn de Grote’s foster mother, the free-black woman Anna van Guinea alias Hoen(a) / Houwj, the widow of Evert van Guinea.[38]
On 25 April 1689, then aged 24[39], Maria Schalks: signs a sworn declaration concerning an alleged assault that she had witnessed. Elisabeth (Lijsbet) van de Caep (c. 1660- c. 1742/3), later recorded as Lijsbeth Sanders: and Lijsbeth Everts:[40], had been accused of assaulting her foster mother, Anna van Guinea but was already under investigation for deserting her former master, the free-black Louis van Bengale and the father of her three illegitimate daughters. According to Maria Schalks:, however, the victim of the assault was Maria Everts: (c. 1664-1713) better known as Swarte Maria, foster sister to Lijsbeth Sanders:.[41]
Maria Schalks, however, contradicts the charges. She is a lodger in the house of Anna van Guinea in Table Valley (logeerende oft wonende ten huijse van Anna van Guinëa in de Tafelvalleij alhier). Also living in the house with the widow of Evert van Guinea are: Sebastiaen (Bastiaen) Jansz: Colijn (from ‘s Gravensand), his concubine Maria Everts: and the latter’s foster sister Lijsbeth Sanders:. She witnesses Lijsbeth Sanders: come home drunk on the evening of 11 April 1689 to her foster mother’s house in Table Valley where she and her foster sister Maria Everts: quarrel and come to blows:
… hoe waer is dat sij … gesien heeft dat Lijsbet voordogter van voorn:[oemd]e Anna van Guinëa, op den 11 deser des avonts droncken int’ huijs gecomen sijnde doenmaels wel met Bastiaen Janse van s’Gravensan daer in huijs wonende en met haer Lijsbets suster Marij anders genaemt Swarten Evert Marij in woorden en oock met vuijsten hand gemeen geweest is).
It is not her foster mother whom she had assaulted:
… maer egter niet dat de geseijde Lijsbet haer genoemde moeder heeft geslagen, oft qualijck bejegendt …
but Maria Schalks: had heard Lisjbeth shout during the quarrel and fight:
“My mother has the right to hit me, but if my sister thinks she can hit me, then I will hit her back”:
als hebbende sij deposante gehoort dat deselve Lijsbeth gedurende de questie en gevegt riep – mijn moeder mag mij wel slaen, maar soo mijn suster, sij denoterende sij deposante daermede de geseijde Marij, mij slaet, soo sal ick weerom slaen.
Doubtless prompted, Maria Schalks: divulges details on the suspiciously immoral living arrangements between Maria Everts: and Bastiaen Colijn.
They live, speak, eat and work together in the garden as a married couple under one roof with only one bed (Bastiaen en Marij te samen als getrouwde lieden met den anderen leven, spreecken, eten en t’ samen in den tuijn wercken, sonder nogtans dat haer deposante bekent is dat deselver te samen hebben op een koij slapen, maer wel in een afdack, alwaer maer eene koij state). An astute Maria Schalks: is not prepared, however, to swear on oath that she actually ever saw them sleeping together.
Comp:[areer]de voor nagenoemde gecomm.[itteerden] rade van Justitie deses commandements Marije van de Caep [inserted] vrij swartinne out omtrent 24 [Note: Hattingh misreads this as 29] jaer dewelke ter requisitie van den fiscael in loco [inserted] S:[ieu]r Cornelis Linnes v[er]claerde hoe waer is dat sij deposante logeerende oft wonende ten huijse van Anna van Guinëa in de Tafelvalleij alhier, gesien heeft dat Lijsbet voordogter van voorn:[oemd]e Anna van Guinëa, op den 11 deser des avonts droncken int’ huijs gecomen [inserted] sijnde [deleted: aleenend dat deselve] doenmaels wel met Bastiaen Janse van s’Gravensan daer in huijs wonende en met haer Lijsbets suster Marij [deleted: van de Caep] [inserted in margin] anders genaemt Swarten Evert Marij in woorden en oock met vuijsten hand gemeen geweest is; maer [deleted: dan] egter [inserted] niet dat de geseijde Lijsbet haer genoemde moeder [deleted: niet] en heeft geslagen, oft qualijck bejegendt als hebbende sij deposante gehoort dat deselve Lijsbeth gedurende de questie en gevegt riep – mijn moeder mag mij wel slaen, maar soo mijn suster, sij denoterende sij deposante daermede de geseijde Marij, mij slaet, soo sal ick weerom slaen, V[er]eers verclaerde deposante mede waer te sijn dat den voorn:[oemde] Bastiaen en Marij te samen als getrouwde lieden met den anderen leven [de] [last part of afore-mentioned word deleted], spreecken [de] [last part of afore-mentioned word deleted] [inserted] eten en t’ samen in den tuijn wercken [de] [last part of afore-mentioned word deleted], sonder nogtans [deleted: egter] dat haer deposante bekent is dat deselver te samen [inserted] hebben op een koij [deleted: slapen, maer leedege] slapen, maer [deleted: dat] wel [deleted: dat sij beijde te saam slapen in een affdack] [inserted] in een afdack, alwaer maer eene koij staet, t’ gene vz: is v[er]claerde sij deposante te sijnde op regte waerheijt, te vreden sijnde t’selve des noots behoort met eede gestandt te doen gedaen aen de Caep de Goede Hoop den 25 April 1689.
Ons praesent als gecomm:[itteerden]
[signed] J.H. Blum
[signed] Adriaen van Reede.
Dit is het merck van Marij de deposant X mij present
[signed] M:[elchior] Kemels Secr[e]t[ari]s: [43]
Maria Schalks: is listed in the Muster Roll (1690) as part of an interesting cluster of free-black people at the new colony of Stellenbosch.[44] She is listed as a separate head of a household in the Opgaaf (1695).[45] Her neighbours are Michiel Scholten and Matthys Michielsz: (from Glücksborg). She witnesses the baptism of Maria Colijn, the child of Maria Everts: (27 May 1696).[46] She marries Paul Heyns (from Leipzig) 23 September 1696.[47] Born 1655, he is in the service of the VOC (by 1679) and is sergeant (1693). He later opts for burgher status. Six children are born of the union, four out of wedlock:
She dies (1700) according to a preserved letter (16 May 1700) to the Orphan Chamber informing the Orphan Master of her death.[54] Her husband remarries (27 February 1701) the Cape-born mulatta (Eurafrican) and vroedvrou Maria Loosee / Lozee[55], the widow of Douwe Gerbrandt Steyn (from Leeuwarden in Friesland).
Koddo / Prodo (Cladoor / Pladoor)
Maria Schalks:’s biological paternity is well-known at the Cape. The Company official (and later free-burgher) Schalk Willemsz: van der Merwe (from Broek and Oud-Beijerland) is the subject of a complaint of dereliction of duty by his commanding officer, Pieter Cruythoff:[56]
All this he (Schalcq) does on account of a certain female slave by whom he has a child, and whom he had chambered in the kitchen at the time of her lying in.
Thereafter Maria Schalks: is baptized (6 September 1665) together with her sibling, Dirkje.[57] Their mother is recorded – sans toponym – as the Company slave woman named Koddo. She is later found recorded as Prodo and Cladoor / Pladoor [‘Flat Ear’] and is a Company slave purportedly from Guinea who is manumitted (1687). Her toponym may well be that of her de facto husband.
If a blood relative of the Cape-born siblings Claes Cornelisz: and Armozijn Claesz:, then we need to consider what appears to be the very strong likelihood of an Ethiopian provenance, rather than a Guinean one.
Maria Schalks:’s sibling’s gender is uncertain. Although, generally a female name, Dirkje, it could also be a diminutive for the boy’s name Dirk. Had the child been female and survived into adulthood, no female slave named Dirkje has been traced.
On 14 October 1685 Dirk Adam, presumably a Company slave, baptizes a child Dirk Johannes. The mother is Maria Sara and the baptism is witnessed by Armosijn de Grote. On 30 / 31 December 1686 a ‘half-breed’[58] named Dirck van de Caep is manumitted. Seconded to the free-burgher Herman Ernst Gresnicht (from Utrecht), he absconds into the wilderness but is captured by the Hottentot captain Kees who hands him back to the Company. Since his freedom as a halfslag is already guaranteed in terms of his right by birth and also the Company statutes, he is manumittd with no objections from Gresnicht.[59]
The fact that Maria Schalks: elects to name her eldest daughter Sara may possibly be an indication that her mother Koddo / Prodo is the same person as the slave woman recorded as Sara de Waster. This woman belongs to the free-burgher Lourensz Cornelisz: (from Zevenhuizen) together with another slave woman possibly from Guinea, Regina (also found recorded as Tavina van Rapenburg)[60]. Koddo / Prodo is a Company slave housed (1664) at the Company post De Schuur.
She baptizes no other children after 1665 but probably had other children born prior to Maria and Dirkje. She is manumitted (2 January 1687) together with her de facto husband Abraham van Guinea and other old and retired Company slaves:
- Leidsare [van Madagascar]
- Mira Moor [van Ceijlon]
- Arie van Bengale & the latter’s de facto wife
- Gratia d’Acosta.[61]
She appears later recorded as Pladoor and Prodo as a free-black at the new Stellenbosch colony in the Opgaaf together with her de facto husband Abraham van Guinea.[62]
Abraham (Abram) from Guinea
He arrives, possibly together with Koddo / Prodo, on the Hasselt at the Cape as part of a shipload of slaves purchased by the VOC from Grand Popo in Benin [formerly Dahomey] in 1658.[63] He is seconded as a Company slave (17 April 1669) to the resident minister Adriaen(us) de Voochd / Voogd and his wife Anna van den Meer (from Valkoogh or Wieringen).[64] Also in the minister’s household is the couple’s own personal slave Florinda van Jaffnapatnam (born c. 1641). When and from whom she is obtained, is not known. They are later joined by the slave Catharina [Catharina van Malabar?][65]
We find Abraham informing, together with the slave women Florinde, Marija van Goa and Marij van Bengale, against the convict Susanna van Bengale better known as Susanna Een Oor who is tried, sentenced and executed (1669) for infanticide.[66]
On 27 January 1671 special provision is made for the manumission of the five-and-a-half year old heelslag slave girl Isabella (Sijbilla) (born c. 1664). Abraham’s biological paternity is uncontested. She is the daughter of the slave woman Catharina [possibly an error for Christina van Angola?] in the household of Elbert Dircksz: Diemer. Sijbilla is to serve 10 years as a free person in return for food and clothes.[67]
Isabel van de Caep has an illegitimate child Willem by Guilliam Frisnet (from Bergen op Zoom), who later marries 1stly Groote Armosyn and 2ndly, Manda Gratia, the daughter of Cleijne Armozijn. She is baptized as a Company heelslag slave at the Cape as a bejaarde (16 September 1691). She has the following children:
(1) Willem (father: Guilliam in de Stell [Guilliam Frisnet (from Bergen op Zoom)]; baptized 29 July 1685[68]
(2) Dirk mesties baptized 1690; listed 1714;
(3) Griscella / Grizella / Grusella Sweetmans van de Caab (c. 1693-1747) Cape-born mesties baptized 1693; she marries (1stly) Jan Stavorinus; on 24 July 1729 she marries (2ndly) Jan Jurgen Schreuder (from Magdeburg); in 1724 he arrives Cape as a soldier; in 1727 he serves as a knecht of Hendrik Oostwalt Eksteen; in 28 November 1730 he becomes a free-burgher; in 1747 she dies; in 1748 he remarries Maria Anna Lombard [CA: C 104, pp. 9-12, Ultima August 1737].
On 30 September 1671 the slave Thomas van Bengale, (aged 25) is sold to Gillis van Breen on behalf of De Vooght from Cornelis Zwart (from Amsterdam) on the Burgh van Leiden. On 16 January 1672 the minister sells his slave Thomas van de Cust to his brother-in-law, Hendrik Crudop for Rds 70. On 26 February 1672 De Voogd sells his slave Florinda van Jafnapatnam (aged 30), a former Company slave, to Nathanial Goethardt, junior merchant on Hollantsen Thuyn for Rds 70. When he acquires her, is not known.
Is he planning to leave the Cape?
In 1672 the minister appears to change his mind again acquiring slaves. On 29 March 1672 De Voogt buys a slave Jacob van de Coromandel Cust from J. Hendrik Willingh, merchant on Sparendam for Rds 60; and on that same day purchases the slave Cupido van Bengale (aged 10) from Lambert van der Heijden for Rds. 45. On 4 April 1672 De Voogd buys Claes van de Cust opposite Ceylon [Madura], (aged 24 / 24), from Admiral Joan Barra for Rds 45.
By 1674 the minister is finally set on leaving the Cape and again sells off his slaves. On 15 February 1674 he sells Cupido (aged 16) [sic] to his unmarried successor, Rudolph van Meerlandt (from IJsselsteijn) for Rds 50. He sells Jacob van de Cust van Malabar to his brother-in-law Hendrik Crudop for f 200. On 18 February 1674 the minister and his family proceed to Batavia. His widow returns to the Cape and remarries at the Cape (17 May 1676) Johannes Ravenbergh (from Haarlem).
When Abraham reverts to the Company remains unknown. On 2 January 1687 he is freed by the Company in terms of resolution of the Council of Policy together with other old and retired Company slaves, including his de facto wife Koddo / Prodo or Cladoor / Pladoor and the convict Mira Moor van Ceijlon.[69]
Abraham van Guinea is listed alone in the Opgaaf (1688). There is no mention of his wife. Anna van Guinea, widow of Evert van Guinea, is recorded with one daughter [Lijsbeth Sanders:?] in the Opgaaf adjacent to Jan Herbst (from Bremen) at Stellenbosch. Louis van Bengale is recorded in the Opgaaf adjacent to Abraham van Guinea. In that year the Cape-born heelslag Lysbeth Sanders: deserts the father of her children, Louis van Bengale. She goes to her foster mother, the Guinea slave Anna, widow of Evert van Guinea, but also meets up her paramour (Willem Teerling) at the place of Abraham van Guinea at Jonkershoek.
On 29 December 1689 Abraham van Guinea and (his son-in-law?) Matthijs Calmer purchase the farm at Stellenbosch originally occupied by Hendrik Potman for f 520. Also included in the transaction are a plough and a wagon valued at f 120.[70] On 1 July 1690 Matthijs Calmer, however, withdraws from the partnership and enters into the service of the secretary to the landdrost Sijbrand Mankadan[71]. The farm is never formally granted to Abraham.
Pladoor and Abraham van Guinea are listed together in the Opgaaf (1692) with five oxen. Also listed are Claes van Guinea and Hoen [Anna van Guinea] and Matthijs Kalwer [sic] and Jannetje van de Caep. On 23 April 1692 the vryswartin Maria [Zwarte Maria Evert:?] is a witness in a legal dispute between Abraham van Guinea and Jan Andrieszen de Joncker. Abraham is sued for not paying Rds 6 for the loan of Jan de Jonker’s plough and for three bushels of wheat advanced him.[72] Abraham and Claes are singled out (1693) as ideally suited (seer bequaem) to manage the Company’s new plantation at Stellenbosch set aside for the planting of oak trees to help alleviate the colony’s wood shortage.[73] On 11 August 1696 Prodo and Maria van Guinea make a joint declaration tabled during a civil suit between Claes van Guinea and Jan Leeuw / Luij van Ceijlon.[74]
In 1700 Anna and Claes van Guinea are listed together in the Opgaaf. Abraham van Guinea and Koddo / Prodo are not mentioned. Are they already deceased?
Conclusion
Johanna Kemp’s ancestry reveals a likely Guinean, if not Ethiopian, slave connection that continues beyond 1658. It also possibly highlights the Guinea or West African and imported black African contribution to the colonially-induced Eurafricasian population at the tip of Africa.[75] Johanna Kemp is the ancestor of Oom Paul Krüger, the famous Boer leader and last president of the independent Boer republic in the Transvaal, the South African Republic (ZAR).
[1] Barry Kruger, personal communication; see also his article ‘Jacob Kruger – Regstellings oor die Stamvader’, Familia, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 121-124. Cape Archives (hereinafter CA): MOOC 7/2 (Testamenten, 1712–1720), no. 126; CA: C 54, pp. 91-102 (15 October 1720); Resolusies van die Politieke Raad (Johannesburg 1968), vol. VI (resolution, dated 15 October 1720), p. 79; Dutch Reformed Church Archives (hereinafter DRC/A): G1 8/1 (Baptismal Register: Cape Town, 1 October 1719), fol. 179; Prof. J. Leon Hattingh, ‘Slawevrystellings aan die Kaap, 1700-1720’, Kronos, vol. 4, pp. 28 & 35; J. L. Hattingh, ‘Beleid en Praktyk: Die Doop van Slawekinders en die sluit van Gemengde Verhoudings an die Kaap voor 1720’, Kronos, vol. 5, p. 31.
[2] Margaret Cairns, ‘Armosyn Claas of the Cape and her Family, 1661-1783 [sic]’, Familia, vol. XVI (1979), no. 4, pp. 84-89 & 92-99; Mansell G. Upham, ‘Armosyn Revisited’, Capensis (Journal of the Western Cape Branch of the Genealogical Society of South Africa), no. 2 (2000), pp. 19-33; M. G. Upham, ‘Armosyn Claes’ featured in N. Claassen & G.H. Claassen, Die Claas(s)en afstammelinge in Suid-Afrika (privately published, Centurion 2001).
[3] Cape Archives (hereinafter CA): MOOC 7/2 (Testamenten, 1712–1720), no. 126; CA: C 54, pp. 91-102 (15 October 1720); Resolusies van die Politieke Raad (Johannesburg 1968), vol. VI (resolution, 15 October 1720), p. 79; Dutch Reformed Church Archives (hereinafter DRC/A): G1 8/1 (Baptismal Register: Cape Town, 1 October 1719), fol. 179; Prof. J. Leon Hattingh, ‘Slawevrystellings aan die Kaap, 1700-1720’, Kronos vol. 4, pp. 28 & 35; J. L. Hattingh, ‘Beleid en Praktyk: Die Doop van Slawekinders en die sluit van Gemengde Verhoudings an die Kaap voor 1720’, Kronos vol. 5, p. 31.
[4] Den selfden dito [23 September 1691] een kindt gedoopt waervan vader is Paul Henghsz: [illeg.] de moeder Maria Schalk:, als getuijgen stondt Claas Cornelisse, met sijn huijsvrou Bertris van Coutchien, is genaemt Anna.
[5] 26 April [1705] Van Hendrik Oostwalt van Eksteen en Sara Heins: onder getuijge van Claas Cornelis: en Bertris Cornelis:, gen:[aem]t Michiel.
[6] M. G. Upham, ‘Armosyn Revisited’, Capensis, no. 2 (2000), pp. 19-33.
[7] Heinrich Oswald Eksteen (from Lobenstein) in Thuringia (1678–1747); arrives at the Cape (1702) as adelborst on the Oostersteyn; 1704 burgher; member of the Burgher Raad & Orphan Chamber. He marries (1stly) in 1704 Sara Heijns: & (2ndly) in 1714 marries Everdina Cruijwagen. In 1719 he marries 3rd time Aletta van der Heijden [CA: CJ 2598 (Testamenten, Codicillen &a., 1702–1714), no. 60; CA: CJ 2656 (Testamenten, 1740–1741), no. 61]. He also fathers an illegitimate child Hendrik Eksteen (baptized 8 February 1705) by the free-born black woman Agnietie Colijn – daughter of Maria Everts: & Bastiaan Janse van s’ Gravensan alias Bastiaan Jansz: Colijn / Colyn (from s’ Gravensand) – who also has 2 illegitimate children by the Swiss-born free-burgher Johann (Hans) Oberholzer (from Zürich): Jan Oberholzer & Barbara Oberholzer.
[8] Een kindt van Cecilia ende genaemt Joanna een swardt.
[9] Jannetje adult halfslag (General Works); Johanna adult heelslag (General Works); Jannetje halfslag (Company Gardens); Johanna halfslag (school); Jannetje heelslag (school) & Jannetjeheelslag (school) [Courtesy of Dr. Hans F. Heese].
[10] Haar minderjarige dogter Johanna Kemp, geprocreeert bij Nicolaas Kemp. [CA: MOOC 13/1/1 (Boedelrekeningen) (Liquidation and Distribution Account), no. 38 (13 December 1713)].
[11] Jacob Jacobz Vliet van Harlingen, jongman met Cecilia Sweeres van de Caap.
[12] No. 184 Vliet Jacob Jacobsz: 1 man; 1 wife; 1 son; 1 daughter; 1 male slave child; 1 snaphaen (flintlock); 1 degen (rapier); Kaap [Courtesy of H. F. Heese].
[13] van Jacob Jacobsz Vliet, en Cecilia Sweeris; de Getuigen Pieter de Meijer, en Geertruij Sneewind, desselfs Huijsvr. : Jacob Pieter.
[14] For example, the free-black Anna Maria van de Caep later assumes the name Dominicus after her stepfather, the fisherman & former convict den Chinees Domingo van Bengale. The free-black Claes van Bengale later goes by the name Brant after his former owner the German-born free-burgher Borchart / Borgart Brant. Samuel de Vey (alias Samuel Domingo) is the voorkind of the freed slave Maria Jacobs: van Batavia. He later adopts the name of his Chinese stepfather, the free-fisherman Abraham (de) Veij alias de Vijf (dies 1712). Thereafter, he takes on the name Domingo, presumably after the pardoned & freed convict den Chinees Domingo van Bengale (his biological father?).
[15] 29 dito [May] [1695] een kind van Claes van Bengale en Cecilia van Macassar, genaemt Flora, getuijgen Joannes Kemp, en Jannetje [Jannetje Bastiaens:?] van de Caap. Claes (Claas Brand) van Bengale a slave (aged 28) is liberated (31 March 1695) by Borchart Brant (signature Borgart Brant), burgher in Cape Town before Brant’s return to Europe. Possibly the Claes van Bengale who fathered a child by Cecilia van Macassar (a former Company slave later found as Cecilia van Timor & Cecilia van Ternaten) who baptized a daughter Flora (29 May 1695). They appear in the muster (1695) as no. 286 as a household of 1 man, 1 wife (unnamed) & 1 son [sic]. They appear again in the muster rolls (1696&1697) as Claas Brand & Cecilia van Ternaten. Thereafter, there is no further mention of this family in the muster. Do they leave the Cape?
[16] H.C.V. Leibbrandt, Journal 1699-1732, p. 237 (8 April 1710).
[17] eodem dito Cicilia Janne Bastijans, Cornelis Soldaat.
eodem dito Margarita Janne Bastijans, de selfde vader.
[18] No Margaretha appears as a Company slave in any subsequent lists. Does she die at a young age?
[19] According to the Dagh-Register of the Kasteel Batavia Daniel de Bucquoy succeeds the opperkoopman Jacob Sweers van Ternate (1645) [CA: C1, pp. 12-14 (11 May 1652)].
[20] For more details of the careers of Salmon Sweers & his siblings in the Dutch East Indies, see TANAP, R. Bijslam, ‘Inventaris van de verzameling van stukken, afkomstig van Salomon Sweers, Jeremias van Vliet, Jacques Spex en Francois Mannis’. These documents are housed in the Nationaal Archief, Den Haag.
[21] Mansell G. Upham, ‘The First recorded Chinese and Japanese at the Cape’, Capensis, no. 2 (April 1997), p. 18.
[22] CA: C21, pp. 66-73, n.1 (6 June 1692).
[23] CA: CJ 2880 (Contracts: Lourents Sweris, matroos), no. 152 (1724).
[24] CA: VC 39, vol. 2 (Muster Roll of Officers & Men at the Cape 1656-1673), pp. 137-155.
[25] eodem dito Armosy
Jannetie Slavinnen beiaerde van de Companij met belydenis.
Anna
Helena
[26] These women appear to be daughters of Company slave women from Madagascar, eg.
(1) Jannetie van de Caep baptised Cape 14 May 1684 (witnesses: Jan Pasquael & Marritie), was the daughter of the Company slaves Jannes & Kallipetie;
(2) Joanna van de Caep baptised Cape 19 August 1685 (father: Andries houtsager in ‘t bosch) (witness: Marritie van de Caep) is the daughter of the Company slaves Cal(l)o & Andries Een halfslagh genaamt Ary van de Caep.
Significantly, there is also a Company slave girl Jannetie baptized together with another slave girl Sara [Sara Heyns?]. Unfortunately, their mother/s is / are not recorded: Den 19 7ber 2 slave kinderen uijt de Logie waar onder Sr. De Man en Capt. Dominicus de Schavonnes uijt Comp.s naam hebben getuijgt, het eersten is genaamt Sara, het anderen Jannetie.
[27] Den selden ditto
[De namens der gedoopte] Maria, een slaven kint van de E. Comp.
[Ouders] De Vader een onbekent christen, de moeder Joanna
[Getuijgen] Gerrit Victor, krankbesoecker.
[28] She is not to be confused with the following contemporary women at the Cape:
(1) Maria (Marritie / Mar(i)the) Pietersz / Pieterse van de Caep; married (1) 29 January 1689 Cape Anna Hommes & married (2) 23 October 1707 Cape Jan Andries (from Amsterdam) [CA: MOOC 7/1/2, no. 47 (will: Marietje Pietersze born Cabo & Jan Andriesz: van Amsterdam); CA: CJ 2650, no. 30 (1710); CA: MOOC 7/1/2, no. 86 (Will: Maria Pieterse, 14 October 1717); CA: CJ 2651, nos. 23 & 24 Maria Pieterse (1717); CJ 2656;
(2) Mensje Pietersz [van de Kaag] who was married to Daniel van Sevenhoven (from Amersfoort) [CA: MOOC 7/1/5, no. 53 (Will: Mensje Pieters: van der Kaag, widow of Daniel Jee van Hooven [Sevenhooven])].
[29] Pieter Pieterse de Groot van Amsterdam, jongman met Maria Pietersz van Cabo, jongedochter. He is not to be confused with Pieter Claesz de Groot who was married to Anna Pieterse alias Anna Pauls: (vide J. Hoge, Personalia of the Germans at the Cape, p. 490).
[30] Hattingh incorrectly regards him as being a free-black.
[31] A[nn]o 1689 Den 16 Januarij zijn de volgende kinderen uit de Slave Logie … de gedoopt ten overstaan van de S[ieu]r de Man en Dominicus de Chavonnes zijn genaamt … Wilmijna casties de moeder Johanna; Den selfden ditto [3 December 1690] Een kint van Jannetje van de Caep genaemt Gerrit swart; Den 23 Martij [1693] zijn verschuiden Slavinne kinderen gedoopt de Ed. Comp. ten overstaan van de S.[ieur] Andrijs de Man, ende den Capt. Willem Padt getuijgen van … [illeg.] een kindt van Jannetie van de Caep, gent. Joannes castijs.
[32] Jan Rogier van Morsselen, jongman met Willemina Willemsz:, alhier. Not to be confused with Jan Rogier (from Amsterdam) who was married to Maria Vermeulen the daughter of Jan Willemsz: Vermeulen (from Utrecht) & Catharina van Bengale.
[33] She is baptized at Stellenbosch 19 January 1698 the daughter of Johann (Jan) Harmensz: Harting (from Paderborn) & stepdaughter of Jacob Vrey (from Solz) & Hans Jacob Contermann (from Hadamar in Hesse-Nassau), the widower of Anna Catharina Cleef & Marritie Beyers: (c. 1683-1734). She is the granddaughter of Andreas Beyer (from Saxony) & Catharina Wagenaers: van de Caep (dies 1700). She marries (1) 10 September 1713 Jan Rosier (from Monsnay) [ie Jan Rogier (from Morselin)] & marries (2) Paarl 5 September 1728 Martinus Thielmans: (from Delfthaven) [CA: CJ 2650, no. 90 (Will: Jan Rogier van Morsseen, 1713); CA: MOOC 7/1/2, no. 11 (Will: Willemina Willems:, wife of Jan Rogier, 1713); CA: MOOC 7/1/3, no. 87 (Joint Will: Jan Rogier van Monsnaij & Margaretha Harmensz: Hartingh, 1718) & CA: A (Accessions) 1657].
[34] 1692 (Opgaaf)
741 Lasius Julius C 11 1 6 1 1 K
742 Kaap van die vs Jannetje
2911 Kalmer Matthys 11 1000 1 D
2912 Jannetje
1695 (Opgaaf)
219 Coulder [sic] [Kalmer?] Matthys 11 300 1 1 D
219B Kaap vd vs Cecilia D
391 Kaap vd vs Janneke 1 K
[35] Richard Ball, eGSSA Transcriptions: Muster Roll of the free settlers at the Cape of Good Hope for the year 1695, pp. 150 & 156.
[36] den 14 dito [October 1685] Dirck Johannes Moeder Maria Sara een Comp: slavin, de vader Dirck Adam: Groot Armosij.
[37] None of the various contemporary Cape-born women of slave origin named Maria fit the profile: Maria Bartels: [CA: MOOC 7/1/4: 155]; Maria Hansz: [CA: CJ 1164 (now CJ 2649), no. 117, p. 606 (Will: Dirck Pretorius van Linteloo oud omtrent 72 jaaren, Stalmeester in dienst der Ed. Comp., 19 September 1707)]; Maria Hendriks: [CA: CJ 2650 no. 67 (Will: Maria Hendricks: geboortigh van de Caab, thans wed:e van de gewesen Burger Johannis Phijfer, 13 April 1713)]; Maria Lozee; and Maria Pieters: [CJ 2651, nos. 23 & 24 (Will: Maria Pieterse, 1717); CA:CJ 2656; CA: MOOC 7/1/2, no. 47 (Will: Marietje Pieterse, 1710); CA: MOOC 7/1/2, no. 86 (Will: Maria Pieterse, 14 October 1717)].
[38] … logeerende oft wonende ten huijse van Anna van Guinëa in de Tafelvalleij alhier.
[39] … out omtrent 24 … Prof. J. Leon Hattingh mistakes her age at the time as being 29 (a misreading for 24) – see his response (p. 63) to Dr Anna J. Böeseken’s article ‘Wie was die vader van Lijsbeth van die Kaap?’, Kronos, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 61-67.
[40] Lijsbeth van de Caep als dogter in’t huijs van Evert van Guinea opgevoet, ged:e ter sake vande quade bejegeningen door haer aen haer opvoester als moeder met vuijst slagen en ‘t verscheuren van haer klederen gepleegt … de quade en oneerlijcke huijshoudinge van Anna en Maria van Guinëa [CA: CJ 3 (19 April 1689), p. 7].
[41] Mansell G. Upham, ‘The other Armosyn’ (unpublished 2006); J.L. Hattingh, ‘Die Blanke nageslag van Louis van Bengale en Lijsbeth van die Kaap’, Kronos, vol. 3 (1980), pp. 5-51; Die Eerste Vryswartes van Stellenbosch 1679-1720, Institute for Historical Reasearch, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 1981, pp. 21-3041-47 & A. J. Böeseken, ‘Wie was die vader van Lijsbeth van die Kaap?’, Kronos, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 61-67.
[42] CA: CJ 291 (Criminele Processtukken, 25 April 1689), pp. 233-234.
[43] CA: CJ 291 (Criminele Processtukken, 25 April 1689) sworn statement by Marij van de Caep [Maria Schalk(s)], 25 April 1689, pp. 233-234: This sworn declaration is the subject of much controversy between Dr Anna J. Böeseken & Prof. J. Leon Hattingh [see ‘Wie was die vader van Lijsbeth van die Kaap’ & ‘Prof. J.L. Hattingh se antwoord’, Kronos, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 61-67]. Unwilling to share with their readers any verbatim transcription of the sworn declaration by Maria Schalks:, both academics misread the document: there are indeed two women named Maria van de Caep (the deponent Marie Schalk(s): whose age is 24 (and not 29) & Maria Evert(s):); the Lijsbet(h) van de Caep referred to, is indeed the same person as Lijsbeth Sanders: also known as Lijsbeth Everts:. Lijsbeth Sanders: goes to the house of her foster mother, Anna van Guinea, in Table Valley after she deserts Louis van Bengale & fights with her foster sister Maria Everts: and only later becoming concubine to Johann Herbst (from Bremen); her mother is not at the house of Abraham van Guinea at Stellenbosch & she is not Abraham’s wife Koddo / Prodo or Cladoor / Plaadoor; last-mentioned is the mother of Maria Schalks: the deponent of the declaration in question who lodges with Anna van Guinea. Anna van Guinea’s earlier association with Johann Herbst (from Bremen) and Claas van Guinea and the latter’s association with both Louis van Bengale and Johann Herbst confirms that Anna van Guinea keeps two residences: one in Table Valley and one at Stellenbosch.
[44] These appear in the following order: the compagnons [partners] Guill:[ia]m Frisnet and Leend:[er]t Donsesel; Gerrit Jansz: [van Ewijck?]; Armosijn van de Caap; Marij van de Caep [Maria Schalks:?]; Bastiaan Colijn; Marye Vertsz [sic – Maria Everts:?]; Anna van Guinea.
[45] 1695 (Opgaaf): No. 419: Maria Schalk: 1 woman; Cape.
[46] 27 Maij 1696 Gedoopt het kint van Maria Everts: onder getuijgen van Jan Bastiaen Colyn en Maria Schalck Maria.
[47] Paulus Heyns geboortig van Leypsig met Maria Schalk, geboortig aan de Caap.
[48] Sara / Zara Heyns (1688-1713) baptised 19 September 1688 [?]; marries 13 July 1704 Heinrich Ostwald Eksteen (from Löbenstein). He marries (2) 21 January 1714 Everdina Cruywagen & marries (3) 19 February 1719 Alida van der Heyden. Eksteen also fathers an illegitimate son Hendrik Eksteen by Anna Maria [sic] Colijn [A(n)g(e)nitie Colijn] baptised Cape 8 February 1705 and witnessed by the free-black Louis van Bengale. Eksteen also baptises a child by his wife in the same year named Michiel who is a legatee (& godchild) of Claas Cornelisz: and Beatrice van Cochin. The free-born mesties Angenietie Colijn, who is the daughter of the free-black Maria Everts: by Bastiaan Colyn (from s’ Gravenzande), also has an earlier illegitimate son Johannes Oberholzer (baptised 24 October 1702) by the Swiss-born free-burgher Hans Oberholzer (from Zürich).
[49] Johannes Heyns baptized Cape (25 July 1688): den 25 d[i]to [Julij 1688] is een kindt gedoopt waar van vader is Paulus Heijns en moeder Maria Schalck:, de getuijgen Douwe Gertbrantz: Stijn, en Marritie Lozee zijn huijsvrou. De naam van’t kindt is Johannes Heijns. He marries 12 December 1723 Maria Colyn (illegitimate daughter of Bastiaan Colyn & Maria Everts:).
[50] Anna Heyns baptised 23 September 1691 Den selfden dito [23 September 1691] een kindt gedoopt waervan vader is Paul Henghsz [illeg.] de moeder Maria Schalk:, als getuijgen stondt Claas Cornelisse, met sijn huijsvrou Bertris van Coutchien, is genaemt Anna. She married 7 February 1712 Cornelis Doessen (from Soetemeer), assistant.
[51] Hendrik Heyns baptised 26 September 1694 (no witnesses). He married 7 February 1723 Delia van der Storm (from Batavia) born Batavia 4 May 1707.
[52] Michiel Africanus Heyns baptised Cape 7 April 1697. Gedoopt het kint van Paulus Heijns en Maria Schalck: onder getuijgen van de Wel Ed: Heer Goewerneur S:[imon] van der Stel en Nonje Fransina genaamt Michiel Africanus. He marries (22 September 1720) Aletta Olivier [M.G. Upham, ‘Children of Ham: The name Africanus / Africana during the early stages of the VOC’s colonial occupation of the Cape of Good Hope – early examples of affirmative identification with the African continent by Eurasian, Eurafrican & even European folk’, Capensis, no. 4 (2001), pp. 36-37].
[53] Maria Heyns baptised 27 February 1700 27 Febr[uarij]: Een kint gedoopt van Paul Heijns en Maria Schalck:; onder getuijgen van Verschuur genaamt Maria.
[54] Huijden op Woensdag morgen de klock seven is overleden Maria Schalck: huijsvrouw van Paul Heijns Cabo de Goede Hoop den 26 Maij Anno 1700. [CA: MOOC 14/212].
[55] She is the former slave belonging to Juffrouw Coon [Alexandrina (Sandrina) Jacobs: Maxvelt] & daughter of her slave Marie van Angola.
[56] Complaint of Pieter Cruythoff against Willem Schalcq: … presented to the Council of Fort of Good Hope. No date, but the year is 1664. Case of assault of Cruythoff by Schalcq:. ‘All this he (Schalcq:) did on account of a certain female slave by whom he has a child, and whom he had chambered in the kitchen at the time of her lying in’. [J. Hoge quoting H.C.V. Leibbrandt’s Précis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope (Attestations), p. 48].
[57] Noch van de Slavinnes kinderen der Ed.[ele] Oostyndische Compangie … de moeder Koddo diens kinderen Maria, Dirkje.
[58] … Dirk van de Caab, van Duijtsche vader geteeld.
[59] CA: C 6, pp. 95-96; Resolutions of the Council of Policy, vol. III, p 152 (30/31 December 1686).
[60] Likely misreadings or mistrancriptions for the name Regina.
[61] CA: C 18, pp. 98-99 & C 592: Orig. Dagregister, 1687, pp. 7-9: Donderdag den 2 Januarij 1687.
[62]1692:
461 Guinea van Abraham 11 5 S
462 Vryswart vs Pladoor
911 Kalmer Matthys 11 1000 1 D
912 Jannetje X
1695 (Muster Roll of the Free Settlers at the Cape of Good Hope for the year 1695, District Drakenstein, p. 150): Mattijs Coolder & Cecilia van de Caab.
[63] Mansell G. Upham, ‘An impact minimal, yet phenomenal Slaves from Guinea & Angola at the Cape of Good Hope: Ancestors of today’s self-identified ‘white’ Afrikaners’(unpublished paper 2006).
[64] They arrive at the Cape from Patria on De Handelaer (10 May 1667). They have a son named Petrus. De Voogd replaces the minister (Johannes) Petrus Wachtendorp (husband of Maria Pri(n)gnon) who had died at the Cape (15 February 1667). Anna Meranus is the daughter of predicant Arnoldus van der Meer & Aagje Jacobs: van der Helm. She has a sister in Patria, Magdalena van der Meer, & another sister at the Cape, Catharina van der Meer, married to the official Heinrich Crudop (from Bremen).
[65] J. Leon Hattingh, Kronos. Böeseken’s entry is cryptic and flawed. She refers to him as Abram van Angola [sic]. Both Diemer & De Voogd appear to have slave women both named Catharina in their respective households. Böeseken mistakes De Voogd’s slave as being Sijbilla’s mother at the time. Hattingh corrects this in his article showing that the child’s mother belonged to Diemer – otherwise why the special provision?
[66] Mansell G. Upham, ‘Consecrations to God: The nasty, brutish and short life of Susanna van Bengale, otherwise known as ‘One Ear’ – 2nd recorded female convict at the VOC-occupied Cape of Good Hope, Capensis, no. 3 (2001), pp. 25 & 29.
[67] This entry is incorrectly transcribed by A.J. Böeseken & confusing in her book Slaves and Free Blacks at the Cape 1658-1700, pp. 85 & 128 [J.L. Hattingh, Kronos].
[68] Eodem ditto [29 July 1685] Willem Isabel van de Kaap, Slavin, vader is Guilliam in de Stall. In the following baptism on the same day, Guilliam’s name is added – but this time as Guillliam Frisnet where he is ascribed as being father to the child Margareta by Anna van de Kaep.
[69] CA: C 18, pp 98-99 & C 592: Orig. Dagregister, 1687, pp. 7-9: (Donderdag den 2 Januarij 1687).
[70] CA: 1/STB 18/152 (Notarial Declarations: Matthijs Clamer & Abraham van Gene, 29 December 1689); J.L. Hattingh, Die Vryswartes van Stellenbosch 1679-1720, p. 47.
[71] He is married to Marritie Catarina van Swaenswyk, widow of Gerard Crabeth. She marries for a 3rd time on 9 August 1693 Jan Geel (from Amsterdam).
[72] 1/STB 5/1 (Notule van verrigtinge in siviele sake, Jan Andrieszen de Joncker contra Abraham van Guinea, 23 April 1692).
[73] CA: 1/STB (Notule van Landdrost en Heemrade, 11 September 1693).
[74] CA: 1/STB 18/153 (Notarial Declarations, Declaration: Marij van Gene & Proddo (Prede) van Gene, 11 August 1696).
[75] The Guinea or West African contribution to the substratum of what became the ‘White’ and ‘Coloured’ minority population of Southern Africa is dealt with more fully in the paper by M.G. Upham entitled ‘An impact minimal, yet phenomenal – Slaves from Guinea & Angola at the Cape of Good Hope: Ancestors of today’s self-identified ‘white’ Afrikaners’ (unpublished paper 2006).
Muatze 