VOC’s Council of Policy at the Cape of Good Hope issues orders (29 June 1787) relative to the ‘Hottentots’ (respecting their moving from one place to another; harbouring them in canteens; living by themselves; wandering about the Cape Flats and Downs, and the grant of passes) …

Water-colour by Charles Bell

Resolution (29 June 1787) of the VOC’s Council of Policy at the Cape of Good Hope and the ensuant Placaat (16 July 1787) issuing orders relative to the Hottentots: namely, respecting their moving from one place to another; harbouring them in canteens; living by themselves; wandering about the Cape Flats and Downs, and the grant of passes.

                                                Vrijdag den 29 Junij 1787.

                                                                                                                         ‘S voormiddags alle præsent.

Wierd door Commissarissen uit den Raad van Justitie ingediend een Schriftelijk vertoog                luidende.

Aan den Wel Edelen Gestr:[enge] Heere Cornelis Jacob van de Graaff, Gouverneur en Directeur van Cabo de Goede Hoop en den Ressorte van dien &:a &:a &:a, benevens den E.[dele] Agtb:[are] Raad van Politie

Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] Heer en E[dele] Agtb:[are] Heeren!

Door de burgers

  • Pieter Theron,
  • Jacob Mostert,
  • Servaas en
  • Michiel de Kock,

zo voor zig als uit Naam ende van weegens alle de zogenaamde Houtkarwijers, de volgende bezwaren aan het Collegie van Commissarissen uit den Raad van Justitie zijnde ingebracht; zo neemd hetzelve Collegie met den meesten Eerbied de vrijheijd Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E[dele] Agtb:[are] deselve voor te dragen dat zijlieden tot hun uitterste leedweesen hebben komen t’ontwaren, dat verscheide aan het Ronde bosje wonende Ingezeetenen zonder eene geobtineerde permissie ofte zonder in de zogenaamde Caabse Duijnen Plaats ofte Plaatzen van d E[dele] Comp:[agn]ie in leening te bezitten op hun eigen privé aldaar legplaatzen of Cralen hadden genomen en naar hunlieder goeddunken met hun vee waren weidende, hetwelk niet dan tot zeer merkelyke præjuditie van bovenge[noe]m:[de] personen kwam te strekken nadien door zulk een groot aantal vee de weiden zodanig werden verschraald, dat zij Houtkarweiers niet in staat waren, hun Jokvee in zodanigen ordre te houden, dat die neeringe langer door hun aan de gang konde werden gehouden, maar zij genoodzaakt zouden zijn daarmede te cesseeren, om welke reedenen dan ook altoos aan een iegelijk als geen Leening Plaatzen off Cralen inde gem:[elte] Duijnen hebbende, /: en wel voornamentlijk de aan het Ronde Bosje wonende    Ingezeetenen is verboden geweest, om aldaar ‘S nagts met hunlieder vee te blijven leggen. dat zij zig ook meede vonden bezwaard dat door den Baas der Metzelaars bij het nieuw Hospitaal Johan Coenraad Hessenbosch in gem:[elte] duynen een Craal was aangelegd, hout geroeit, en aan de Caab geleeverd, en hetwelk zeer oneigen was, dat door dezelven deze burger neering wierd gedreeven, en dat bovensdien nog door hem, nog door iemand van sijnen tweegen gene de minste toezicht over de voorsz: Craal wierd genomen, maar inteegendeel aan het goeddunken van desselfs Slaven gelaten, des wanneer op zodanigen onveilige plaats als voorsz: duijnen komt te weesen, geene beetere ordre werd gesteld, of niet bij tijds daar inne voorzien te dugten was, dat hier uit de nadeeligste gevolgen zouden kunnen resulteeren Dat zig wijders genoodzaakt hadden gevonden aan dit Collegie open te leggen, de meenigvuldige overlast die zij moesten ondergaan, door de daar wijd en zijd omzwervende Hottentotten en Hottentottinnen of zogen: Bastaarden, dewelke zig aldaar enkel op den roof toeleggende, al het vee dat zij konden magtig worden, door hun wierd geslagt, Ja! zelfs heeft het geval g’Exteert dat wanneer den burger Willem Jonas die voorm:[alige] Theron als knegt diend, op een avond was uitgereeden, om naar eenige vermiste Jokossen te zoeken, door Vijf a Ses Hottentotten is aangepakt en afgezet geworden zonder dat men ooijt had kunnen nagaan door wien zulx was verrigt geworden.

Weshalven Commissarissen genoodzaakt zijn, de vreiheid te neemen, zig te keeren tot Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E[dele] Agtb:[are] met ootmoedig verzoek dat Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E[dele] Achtb:[are] op de eerste poincten zodanige ordres gelieven te stellen, dat meerm:[elde] Houtkarweiers niet langer in hunne neeringe werden verhindert en hoogst dezelve verder over ‘t algemeen zodanige middelen gelieven te beramen, waar door zij in staat gesteld worden, hunnen arbeid na behoren te kunnen verrigten.

En vermits Commissarissen betreffende het laatste poinct onder correctie vermeenen, dat om te eerder te kunnen ontdekken, welke Hottentotten ‘t zij omzwervende, dan wel bij iemand anders in huur zijnde diergelyke als bovengem: hostiliteiten pleegen ofte in’t vervolg zouden tragten in’t werk te stellen, het aan niemand hoegenaamd mogte gepermitteerd zijn, voortaan eenige Hottentotten off andere zoortgelijke Lieden in dienst te hebben off neemen, zonder alvorens het zij door dit Collegie ofte door iemand anders die daartoe door Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E[dele] Agtb:[are] zal werden gequalificeert van een behoorlijke Pas zal zyn voorzien, en dat zijlieden bij het Landwaards in zenden dier Hottentotten weederom gehouden zullen zijn aan deselve een gelei briefje te geeven; Zo verzoeken deselve Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E Agtb:[are] ook hieromtrend de nodige beveelen te geeven, dan wel anders zodanige maatreegulen te beramen, als Uwe Wel Edele Gestr:[enge] en E[dele] Agtb:[are] na derselver verligt oordeel zullen vinden te behoren. //: onderstond :// ‘T welk doende &:a //: was geteekend :// Joh:s Smuts, C: G: Maasdorp, G: H: Meijer, J: C: Gie, C: Matthiessen, H: J: de Wet, J: M: Bletterman.

En daarop ten aanzien van het geene bij dat schriftuur belangende de Hottentotten en Bastaarden is ter needer gesteld, in overweeging genomen weesende dat hoewel deselve natuurlyk vrij zijn, en dus, om zulke Vreiheid te genieten, zig begeeven mogen werwaards zij willen, de goede politie, rust en veiligheid der Inwoonderen nogthans vorderen, dat deeze hunne Vreiheid gelimiteert blijve aan de betamelijkheid en goede ordre, zo heeft men geoordeelt, niet te mogen stille zijn, om ter beteugeling van hunnen ongebondendheid en de daaruit ontstaande ongereegeldheeden, mitsg:[aders]s om de onveiligheid van ‘S Heeren weegen voor te komen, ten opzichte van dezelve na de teegenswoordige Constitutie des tijds, de volgende ordres te beramen en vast te stellen, als.

Dat alle Hottentotten en Hottentottinnen mitsg: ook de Bastaarden van deselve, die zig in den omtrek van de Caab onthouden of bij vervolg hun verblijff zouden willen neemen, verpligt zullen zijn binnen den tijd van Twee Maanden na de Publicatie deeses, en voorts ten allen tijde, mitsg:[aders] ook telkens wanneer zij van woning veranderen, zig te laten inschreiven bij den Secretaris der Burgerije, met opgave van de Namen der Ingezeetenen bij welke zij wonen, zullende bijg gem:[elte] Secretaris daarvan moeten werden gehouden een aparte rolle, op welke neevens de Naam van ieder hunner zal moeten werden bekend gesteld de Perzonen bij wien denselven is inwonende op pœne dat zodanige Hottentotten, Hottentottinnen ofte Bastaarden van deselve, die binnen voorsz: bepalden tijd, ofte ook naderhand, mitsg:s bij’t veranderen van woning daaromtrend in gebreeke blijven, en dus bevonden mogten worden, zig in den omtrek van de Caab te onthouden, zonder bij iemand in te wonen, door de Caffers opgevat en in ‘S Comp:[agnie]s Slaven Logie gebragt zullen moeten worden, om als Menschen die de Societeit en Colonie door hun leedig en schadelijk omzwerven niet anders als tot laste strekken kunnen, voor den tijd van Twee Maanden neven ‘S Comp:[agnie]s Slaven aan de gemeene werken te arbeiden

Zullende wijders bij renovatie en ampliatie van de daar teegens in dato 21. October 1755: gedane Interdictie geene Hottentotinnen of Bastaards Hottentottinnen vermogen op haar zelven nog in eenig Taphuis te wonen op pœne niet alleen, dat deselve immediaat de eerste reize voor den tijd van een maand, en voor de tweede maal daarop geattrapeert werdende, geduurende Twee Maanden nevens ‘S Comp:[agnie]s Slaven aan den gemeenen arbeid zullen moeten werden gebracht, en voor de derde maal daarop agterhaald weesende geduurende een Jaar lang aan deselve gemeene werken gehouden zullen blijven, maar dat ook de Tappers off waarneemers van dusdanige Taphuisen, ofte de geene die zig verstouten om diergelijke Vrouws perzonen, zonder dat deselve van een Schriftelijk Licentie Zullen weesen voorzien, in hunne Huizen te laten inwonen, bovensdien telkens in eene boete van Een Hondert Rijxd:s zullen werden gecondemneert.

En dewijl van het evengem: verbod wel expresselijk uitgezondert zijn, zodanige Bastaard Hottentotten ofte Hottentottinnen, als zig door een geschikte leevenswijze van huns gelijken onderscheiden en getollereert kunnen werden, om even als andere Ingezeetenen op hun zelven te wonen, zo zullen deselve nogthans Verpligt zijn, ten einde die Vreiheid te blyven genieten, even als ook in’t vervolg andere van hun dewelke vermeenen zouden mogen door een Stil en ordentelijk gedrag gelijke Vreiheid te kunnen verwerven, daartoe wel expresselijk permissie van den Edelen Heer Gouverneur te versoeken, als wanneer door Sijn Edele daarinne na mérite zal werden gehandelt: En zal de geene van hun, die hiertoe Licentie bekomen zal, desweegens een Schriftelijke blijk erlangen, dewelke denselven gehouden zal weesen, dadelijk aan Commissarissen te vertonen, ende zulx voorts bij den Secretaris der burgerije te doen boeken.

Maar zullen ook geene Hottentotten ofte Bastaard Hottentotten, nogte derselver Vrouwlieden, vreiheid hebben, zig in den omtrek der Duijnen ofte Caabsche Vlakte te onthouden ofte aldaar op zig zelven om te zwerven, werdende tot voorkominge zo van de ongereegeldheeden die daar door ontstaan als de ongeoorloofde bedrijven, tot welke ook de Slaven van de daaromtrend leggende plaatzen dikwerff door zodanige Hottentotten ofte Hottentottinnen vervoerd werden, de burger Wagtmeesters en veld Corporaals van dit Caabsche District door deesen wel expresselijk gequalificeert, om zo dikwerff het nodig weesen zal, ofte dat zij zig daartoe gecommandeert vinden, hierop onderzoek te doen, en al zulke zig in de Duinen off Vlakte onthoudende of aldaar omzwervende Hottentotten, Hottentottinnen ofte Bastaarden Caabwaards te laten Transporteeren, na ‘S Comp:[agnie]s Slaven Logie, om aldaar na dat het de omstandigheeden vorderen Zullen voor Een a Twee Maanden dan wel langer neevens ‘S Comp:[agnie]s Slaven aan de gemeene werken gehouden te werden.

Terwijl onder de laatstgem: egter geenzints zullen moeten werden begreepen al zulke Hottentotten ofte Bastaarden als tot den dienst van den Een of ander Ingezeetenen in de gem:[elte] Duinen ofte Vlakte verblijf houden mogten: ter onderscheidinge van dewelke die geene der Ingezeetenen die deselve ten hunnen dienste derwaards ofte ook elders na buiten afzenden, verpligt zal zijn, hun telkens van een behoorlijk bewijs of Pas daartoe te voorzien op pœne dat iemand hierin nalatig blijvende en dus zodanige Hottentotten ofte Bastaards bloot stellende aan de hiervoren gestatueerde Straffe desweegens telkens vervallen zal zijn in eene boete van Een Hondert Rijxdaalders.

En ten belange van het geene Commissarissen voor[noe]m:[t] omtrend de klagten der Ingezeetenen die zig met het roeïen en verkopen van brand hout uit de duijnen erneeren, komen voor te dragen behalven het ongerieff welke onder de Inwoonderen Zoude werden veroorzaakt, zo wanneer de gem:[elte] Ingezeetenen deze hunne neeringe niet langer konde gaande houden, mede in agting genomen weesende dat met dusdanige gedoente insgelijx de weide ten eenemaal staat geruineert te werden voor zodanige der buiten Lieden als met hunne producten Caabwaards komende, genoodzaakt zijn, hunne wagens in de Vlakte ofte gem:[elte] Duinen te doen uitspannen

Zo is, omme daarinne te voorzien goedgevonden te interdiceeren en verbieden, dat niemand buiten die geene aan welke daartoe reeds van ouds permissie en vreiheid verleend is, zig zal mogen onderstaan sijn vee in de gemelde Duinen ofte Vlakte te laten blijven leggen, en weiden: maar dat inteegendeel een ieder die zig van de algemeene weide aldaar gelijk voor heen bedienen wil, verpligt   zal zijn het vee ‘S avonds weeder na zijn plaats te doen te rugge keeren, op pœne dat iemand hierinne overtreedende en daarop agterhaald werdende telkens vervallen zal zijn in eene boete van Een Hondert Rijxd:s ter verdeelinge a usu

… Aldus Geresolveerd ende Gearresteerd In’t Casteel de Goede Hoop ten daage en Jaare voorsz:
                C: J: van de Graaff
                J I Rhenius
                R: J: Gordon
                J: J: Le Suëur
                O: G: de Wet
                T: C: Rönnenkamp

Source: Cape Arcives (CA) C 175, pp. 60-94.

Water-colour by Charles Bell

PAAY MIRA / MIERA / MIRRA MOOR VAN CEYLON – convicted VOC slave banished from Ceylon

by Mansell G. Upham © 

Paay Mira / Miera / Mirra Moor van Ceylon – convicted VOC slave banished from Ceylon

21 April 1673: “The 39 slaves bought at our request at Batavia and the 3 convicts [Mira Moor?] were landed.  One of the 39 died during the voyage.  The rest were strong, healthy fellows, who will not be amiss here”.[1]

1682: “… a skilled pearl diver, a slave from the East named Pay Mina [sic] …” helps with salvaging goods from a stranded ship [Journal: Oloff Bergh (1682)]

2 January 1687: Mira Moor – manumitted by Council of Policy resolution with other slaves – free-black.

2 January 1687: manumission of old & retired Company slaves:

  • Abraham (Abram) van Guinea and his de facto wife Koddo / Prodo / Prede / Cladoor / Pladooralliteratively caricaturized as Plad Oor (‘Flat Ear’) aka Cornelia Arabus van Abissina]
  • Adriaen (Arie) van Bengale and his de facto wife Gratia d’Acosta,
  • Leidsare van Madagascar
  • Mira Moor van Ceylonpardoned convict.[2]

1688 (Opgaaf): Mira Moor

1692 (Opgaaf): No. 64:  Pay Miera Moor: 1 man; 1 snaphaen (flintlock); 1 degen (rapier); Cape

29 June 1697:  Anthony van Bengale (aged 24) sold by Johan Lispensier, sailing on Cattendijk to the free-black Mira Moor for Rds 70.[3]

5 November 1697:  owed monies from deceased estate of Claas /  Klaas Gerritz: van Bengalen[4]

13 December 1698: Intje[5] Poetje van Malacca[6] and Mirra Moor van Ceylon co-purchase erf [1/230 – T455] in Table Valley from A. Coopman [Block H] (7 r 72’) (107,1 sq m) price: f 1380.

1702 (Opgaaf):  No. 603: Mira Moor 1 man; 1 flintlock & 1 rapier; Cape District

30 September 1705:  Letter to Colombo [Ceylon – now Sri Lanka]:

“Two natives, named Mira Moor and Witty Amanja[7], banished hither 36 and 30 years ago, beg for permission to return.  No papers have been received about them, and we refer the matter to you”.     

16 March1706:  Recorded as one of the Vrij Vissers supporting Cape governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel.[8]

15 December 1707:  “We have had all the old papers examined but could find no sentence against the exiles Mira Moor and Witty Amanja. As you say they are very old, and unable to earn a living at the Cape, the one banished already 36 and the other 30 years, you may send them on to us, if you like …[9]

19 May 1710:  Joost Ventura [who witnesses the will of Mira Moor] buys the same erf [T 797] from the deceased estate of Mirra Moor– his sole heir is den vrijswart Sampourna van Macassar and he provides for the testamentary manumission of his slave David van Mallebaar witnessed by the Cape-born free-black  Joost Ventura and the free-burgher (my paternal ancestor) Josias van Boven.[10]


[1] H.C.V. Leibbrandt, Précis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope, Journal, p. 130.

[2] Cape Archives (CA): C 18, pp. 98-99.

                                Donderdag den 2. Januarij 1687.

                                                                                                In tegenwoordigheid van alle de leden.

Het anstendig versoek eniger ‘s Comp[agnie]s. slaven en slavinnen om eindelijk, na veler jaren goede en trouwe diensten, in vrijdom gesteld te mogen worden, in bedenking genomen en rijpelijk in Rade overwogen zijnde: So is eenpaarlijk goedgevonden en besloten ses derselver, namentlijk  

  • Arie van Bengale,
  • Abraham van Guinea,
  • Leidsare,
  • Miramoor,
Gratia d’ Acosta} vrouwen
Cladoor

gemerkt sij oud en afgeleevd en buijten staat langer te konnen dienen, en meer tot last dan voordeel van d’ E.[dele] Comp.[agnie] bevonden worden, haar de vrijheid te vergunnen en toe te staan hun bij gepermitteerde middelen hier sig t’ erneren en door dit exempel andere lijfeigene an te moedigen om door goed comportement eenmaal met ‘t selve voor-regt begivtigd te mogen worden.


                Aldus gearresteerd en besloten in ‘t Casteel de Goede Hoop, jaar en dag als boven.[genoemd]
                S.[imon] v.[an der] STEL.
                AND[rie]S. DE MAN.
                J.[eronimus] CRUSE.
                J. v.[an] KEULEN.
                DOMINIQUE DE CHAVONNES.
                L.[odewijk] v.[an der] STEL.
                CORNELIS P[ie]T[ers]Z: LINNES.
                J. H. BLUM.

                Me praesente J. G. DE GREVENBROEK, Secr[e]t.[aris]     

[3] Anna J. Böeseken , Slaves and Free Blacks, p. 180.

[4] CA: MOOC 8/1, no. 28 (5 November 1697).

[5] Intje = phonetic approximation of Malay (Jawi) word encik/ انچيق – a term of address used for Muslim merchants meaning ‘mister’ and equivalent to tuan / توان.

[6] The Malay  Hentje / Intia / Intie  / Intje / Ju Poetie / Poetje / Poety van Java / van Malacca.

[7] Witty = Chitty / Chetti Melaka  – Chitty, also known as the Chetty / Chetti Melaka, are a distinctive group of Tamil people found mainly in Melaka in Malaysia and Singapore, who are also known as the Indian Peranakans and have adopted Malay (mostly) and Chinese cultural practices whilst also retaining their Hindu faith and heritage. In the 21st century, their population stands at 2,000. The Chitty / Chetti / Chettiar community is from South India and is devoutly Hindu.

[8]H.C.V. Leibbrandt, Précis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope – The Defence of Willem van der Stel (W.A. Richards & Sons, Government Printers, Cape Town 1897), pp. 180-181: Vrij Vissers supporting W.A. van der Stel [ANNEXURE Y] [H.C.V. Leibbrandt, Precis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope – The Defence of Willem van der Stel (W.A. Richards & Sons, Government Printers, Cape Town 1897), pp. 180-18.  23 people mentioned of which 16 sign the declaration. Franken states that, according to the declaration, the first 12 signatories are those European AND Christens and then deduces that those signatories who are halfslagh were included in the concept. This is a misreading of the very passage that he quotes … als zijnde Europeaanen, en christenen … The comma after Europeans indicates quite clearly that these 12 signatories are either both Europeans and Christians simultaneously or Christians only (but not necessarily also Europeans). Franken mentions that the following signatories are left out by Leibbrandt: 

  • Jacob van de Cust, Coromandel,
  • Augustyn van Madagascar,
  • Moses van Macassar and
  • Daniel Rodrigo / Rodrigues.]

“Appeared before the Commissioners of the Council of Justice,

  • Willem Basson [mesties]
  • Reynier van de Zande
  • Jan Willemsz: Vermeulen
  • Willem Duysert
  • Corn.[elis] Claasz:
  • Pieter Pietersz: de Groot
  • Lammert Simonsz: [Stam]
  • Roelof Carstensz Osenbergh
  • Lourens Pluvier
  • Claas Koningshoven [mesties]
  • Domingo of Bengal [vrij Chinees]
  • Abraham de Vyf [vrij Chinees]
  • Moses and [sic] Aaron
  • Joost Ventura
  • Sampoerny of Macassar
  • Coridon of Nagapatam
  • Claas Claasz: of Bengal
  • Gerrit Claasz:
  • Emanuel of Macassar
  • Mira Moor,
  • Reba of Macassar
  • Abraham of Macassar and
  • Sriyay Moeda

all free-burghers and domiciled here, who at the requisition of the Hon. Governor W.A. van der Stel declare that they all, since the Governor’s presence here, and when the weather was favourable, by day and by night whenever they had no other work, had gone out fishing, in order to earn their food properly and honestly, not only along the shores of this bay, but also elsewhere in the neighbourhood, and wherever they thought that they could do so freely and without let or hindrance, but also their children, partners and slaves.  Not one of them has ever been hindered by the Hon. Governor or anyone sent by his orders, much less reproached in any way for so doing.  To confirm the above the 12 first named, being Europeans [sic], each uttered the solemn words, “So truly,” &c., whilst the remaining 11 do so by means of their signatures, – In the Castle, 16 March 1706, before the Commissioners A. van Reede, K.J. Slotsboo, and H. Bouman, members of the Court of Justice, who have with deponents subscribed to the above.” Quod Attestor, A. POULLE, Secretary

[9] H.C.V. Leibbrandt, Précis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope: Letters Received, p. 415

[10] CA: MOOC 7/1/1, no. 79 (Will: Mira Moor, 17 December 1710).

Elisabeth (Lijsbeth) van Angola – Last Will and Testament of 17th Century Cape Free-Black Woman (Verbatim Transcription and English Translation)

Verbatim Transcription and English Translation of the Last Will and Testament of the 17th Century Cape free-black Elisabeth (Lijsbeth) van Angola[1]

by Mansell G. Upham ©  

“In the name of the Lord, Amen

Be it known to one and all the public content of this instrument how that in the year of the birth of Our Lord and Saviour, the son Jesus Christ appeared before me Jan Jansz: Swart, Secretary at Stellenbosch, and the after-mentioned witnesses, Lijsbet van Angola, lying sick in bed, yet being of sound and positive mind, and appearing so to me the Secretary and the witnesses, wishes to bequeath her slave girl named Marta aged 4 years, after it pleases God to remove her soul from her body and that she be adopted as a slave by Lijsbet Jansz: being the housewife of Jan de Joncker whereby Lijsebet van Angola wills this to be finalized with her body upright signing in her usual hand in the presence of the named witnesses.

Stellenbosch in the year of Our Lord 7 January 1694

We present as witnesses

Dierck Coetse

This is the mark of Christiaen Martens:

This is the mark X of

 Lijsbet van Angola

Stellenbosch in 1710

20        In den Name des Heeren Amen

Kennelijk zij eenen ijgelijk bij de openbaren inhoudt de des instrument hoe dat in de jaren nae de geboorte onses heeren en Saeligh maecker Jesus Christus zoon  voor mij Jan Jansz: Swart[2] Sec[re]t[ari]s an Stellenbos, ende naerbenoemde getuijge [verschene – deleted] Lijsebet van Angolo[3] [sic], leggende siek te bedde dogh bij haer volle verstant [sijnde – deleted] en bemoowij sijnde, hebbende, gelijk mij Sec[re]t[ari]s en de getuijgen gebleken is, willende begewende dat haer slaefinnetie genaemt Marta[4] out 4 jare nae d’het Godt behaeght sal hebben haer ziele dit lighaem wegh is neemen dat dan daet selven van Lijssebet [sic] Jansz:[5] sijnde de huijsvrouw van Jan de Joncker als een lijfeijgen sal aengenoomen warden, t’ welcke Lijsebet van Angolo [sic], wil dit sal volcoomen ‘t lijck stant grijpen naer ter sij t’selve ter presentie van near genoemde getuijgh:[en]s haer gewoonlijck hant teijkent bevestight.

Stellenbojs a[nn]d[omin]ij 7 Januarij 1694

Ons present

Als getuijge

[signed] Dierck Coetse[6]

Dit is ‘t X merk van

Christiaen Martens:[7]

Dit is ’t merk X van

 Lijsbet van Angola

Jonkershoek Mountains, Stellenbosch

[1] Cape Archives (CA): 1/STB, no. 20.

[2] Jan Jansen / Jansz: Swart (from Hoorn, Noord-Holland) – sick-comforter; teacher (1692-1701) and secretary. Born Hoorn (c. 1646); joins VOC (1 June 1691); arrives (1 October 1691) on the ship Lek as sieketrooster; secretary of the colony Stellenbosch; wife and children (3 sons) permitted (1692) to come to the Cape ex Amsterdam [Letter ex Amsterdam (10 November 1695): Passage has been allowed to Grietje Jans: with her children [3 sons], wife of Jan Jansz: Swart, sick-comforter at the Cape. The latter is therefore bound by Company’s orders to remain 15 years in India. (H.C.V. Leibbrandt, Précis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope:  Letters Despatched, vol. 2, p. 4)]; marries Margaretha (Grietje) Claasdochter Coenie / Coerie aka Grietje Jans: and Moeder Swart;  reside initially in the house left side) where Andringa and Dorp streets end in a cul de sac; teacher (1692-1701); leaves VOC service (31 December 1696); buys (March 1697) farm Vallei Luctry from free-burgher Jean Margra (from Lausanne, Switzerland; 3 sons: (1) Nicolaas Swart born Netherlands; marries (24 July 1712) Alida Visser baptized 23 April 1690); (2) Johannes Swart born Netherlands; dies ante 1751; marries (29 January 1719) Zacharia Niemand / Niemann (baptised 25 June 1702); lives (by 1730) at the Swartrivier, behind the Caledonberg; (3) Pieter Swart born Netherlands; dies  ante 22 August 1756; resides initially at Stellenbosch and later at Uilkraal (Bredasdorp) his descendants becoming  Melkbossers; marries (15 June 1721) Sara du Buis (1701-1766) (baptised Simondium church 11 November 1701; dies 1766; [C.G.S. de Villiers, Familia, 1964/65, no. 3].

[3] Elisabeth (Lijsbeth) van Angola – manumitted slave of Hester Weijers: Klim (from Lier, Antwerpen, Duchy of Brabant), widow of Wouter Cornelisz: Mostaert [Mostert] (from Utrecht). Arrives Cape (28 March 1658) on Amersfoort as part of Portuguese prize – slaves taken off coast of Brazil; slave belonging to free-burgher Wouter Cornelisz: Mostaert; halfslag daughter Maria van de Caep alias Maria Bartels:  Mostaerts Marij and Jan Holsmits Marij] baptized Cape 1663 [missing]; 16 April 1681: Manuel and Elisabeth geboortig van het landschap van Angola manumitted by Mostert’s widow Hester van Lier on condition they remain respectful to her, obey  laws of land and assist when necessary; 1682 (Opgaaf): Lijsbeth van Angola enumerated alone while listed together are: Manuel van Angola and Lijsbeth van de… [Caep?] [Lijsbeth Jans: van de Caep the future Mrs Jan de Jonker?]; 20 April 1683: compensated from deceased estate of free-black Anthonij Jansz: van Bengale as remuneration for babysitting deceased`s granddaughter Petronella: … Ick ondergeschreven Lijsbeth van Angola bekenne ontfangen te hebben van Roelof Backer Secretaris van de Weescamer de somma van negen gulden voor negen dagen oppassen by de dogter ten tuysen van Anthonie van Bengale. In ’t Casteel de Goede Hoop A[nn]d[omin]ij 20 April 1683.  Dit is het X merck van Lijsbeth van Angola; 7 January 1694: Lijsbet van Angola draws up will [CA: 1/Stb 18/1, no 20] bequeaths 4-year-old slave girl Marta [heelslag daughter of Susanna [van Mombassa] to Lijsebet Jansz: sijnde huijsvrouw van Jan de Joncker – will witnessed by daughter [Maria Bartels:] of future 2nd husband Christiaen Martensz: (from Hamburg) and Dirck Coetse (from Kampen); 20 April 1694: Inventory of Lijsbet van Angola [CA: 1/STB 18/144]; 17 May 1694: Marij van de Caep [Maria Bartels: van de Caep] widow of stuurman Cornelis Heremans, signs agreement with caretaker (waarnemende) of deceased mother`s property, Anthonij van Angola, whereby she receives slave (jong) Floris [van Bengale], 6 oxen and 50 sheep from mother`s deceased estate as part of her inheritance [CA: 1/STB 18/40 (Contracts:  Agreement between Marie / Marij van de Caep [signs as Mari and Maria Herin] and Anthonij van Angola [signs with letter A], 17 May 1694)]; 22 October 1696: Susanna [van Mombasa] and 2 children [Catharina Anthonijsz: and Elisabeth Anthonijsz:], slaves of  late Anthonij van Angola, liberated by Orphan Masters Willem Corssenaar and Henning Hüsing, in accordance with written statement by Hans Jurgen Grimp (from Gehrden in Brunswick) and Pieter van der Bijl (from Overschie) of Stellenbosch [CA: MOOC 8/1 (Inventory), no. 16 (26 September 1696); Lijsbet van Angola draws up will (7 January 1694)] [CA: 1/STB 18/144 (Inventory: Lijsbet van Angola, 20 April 1694) – note:  Margaret Cairns has following reference: CA: 1/STB 18/40 (Inventory: Lysbet van Angola, 17 May 1694); CA: MOOC 8/1, no. 16 (Inventory: Antonij van Angola, 26 September 1696); MOOC 10/1, nos. 7 & 8 (Vendu Rol: Anthonij van Angola).

[4] Marta van de Caep heelslag daughter of Susanna van Bombassa [Mombasa] – 1st slave of Lijsbeth van Angola and thereafter slave and concubine to Anthonij van Angola [Margaret Cairns, ‘Gerrit Gerrits of Oldenburg and Susanna of Bambaser: An early 18th century couple’, Familia, vol. 17, nos. 3/4 (1990)]. Bequeathed in this will by Lijsbeth van Angola to Lijsbeth Jans:.  The child is still with Anthonij van Angola when Jan de Jonker formally requests judicial intervention (9 August 1695) to have Martha handed over to him [CA: 1/STB 5/1 (Notule van verrigtinge in Siviele sake, Jan Andrieze van Rissen contra Anthonie van Angola, 9 August 1695)].  During that time Martha is assaulted (16 November 1694) by Anthonij van Angola with her mother Susanna [van Mombassa] – slave of Anthonij van Angola complaining to the landdrost about the ill-treatment by Anthonie van Angola – the previous evening Susanna wants to help Anthonij to lie more comfortably in bed [intoxicated?] – but he stands up met sy gram steurigh gemoet attempting to assault her sexually – closing the door to prevent her exit but the room is dark so that he  cannot find her or the lamp; she flees before he can again open the door thereupon taking his frustrations out on her eldest daughter Marta whom he grabs and seer deerlijck hits with a stick; Susanna can scarcely retrieve her other child, a baby, fleeing to their neighbour Isak Schrijver; later that evening Paij Zijlon [Marquart van Ceylon] brings Marta to her mother at the neighbours deerlijck bebloet as a result of a hit against her head and a cut on her arm  [CA: 1/STB 18/153 (Notariele Verklaringe: Declaration: Susanna [van Mombassa], 17 November 1694)].

[5] Elisabeth (Lijsbeth) Jans: – freed Company halfslag;  likely daughter of Koddo aka Cornelia Arabus van Abissina; baptised Ds. Petrus Cassier 2 September 1663; marries (1stly) Cape 15 October 1684 Jan Andriesz: de Jonker (from Königsberg) aka Jan Andriesze / Andriesen / Andriesse van Rijssen / Rissen / Arendsdorp alias Jan de Jonker (dies 1698) after whom the farm (also area) Jonkershoek gets its name (promised 1683 and granted 15 October 1692); marries (2ndly) c. 1700 (civil ceremony only) Hinrich / Hendrik Loos (from Olfen, Münsterland, Westphalia).

[6] Dirk Coetse / Coetsee / Coetzee / Couché / Koetse (1655-1725) (from Amsterdam, North Holland / Kampen, Overijssel); son of: Gerhard Coetse and Margaretha Claasdochter resident at Kampen, Overijssel; arrives (15 April 1673) at Cape as freeman … Dirck Couche [Coetzee] van Amsterdam voor adelborst anno 1673 voor ditto Camer p[e]r. ‘t schip Azia uijtgecomen en alhier voor vrijman aangelant …; returns to Patria arriving (8 May 1679) again at the Cape on board Asia [him and new wife or wife-to-be only?]; 1679-1683:  resident in Cape Town (4 years); 1680-1707: tailor; 1680: Anthony is sold by Reijnier de Groot to Dirk Coetzee; 1682: granted farm Coetsenberg from Simon van der Stel; 1683-1725: at Stellenbosch; 11 April 1686: Reijnier de Groot demands payment from Dirk Coetzee for Anthony, whom he had purchased (1680) but had not paid for. Coetsé promises to pay within a year, however if he fails to do so, then Anthonij would become the property of Jeronimus Cruse; 20 December 1686: deacon Stellenbosch church; 1689-1690: heemraad; 1691-1692: ouderling; 1693-1694: heemraad 1697-1698: heemraad; 1697: hires freed halfslag Marten de Geus as teacher for his children and as househelp; 13 December 1697: church elder Stellenbosch; 1698-1699: ouderling; 13 April 1702: convicted of theft; 1702-1704: heemraad;1702-1704: ouderling; 14 August 1706-1707: captain of infantry; Letter from Batavia 9 November 1707: … Jacob Coetche born at the Cape, and Jan Croese, born there also, both soldiers, have stated that they have been enlisted against their will and sent away; the latter added that he had lost his hand by the bursting of a gun when watching some of the Wynbergen at the Cape, and was therefore unable to serve the Company. They have consequently been allowed to return to the Cape in their condition as soldiers, and to request you to become agriculturists.  You are to deal kindly with them, and assist them … [H.C.V. Leibbrandt, Précis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope, Letters Received, p. 456] … To what you wrote in yours of the 9th November about the soldiers Jacobus Coetzee and Jan Croese, who arrived here with the Barneveld, we reply that by complaining to you they did not do the right thing; the first is a person of most dishonest and depraved habits, and has been taken into the Company’s service not only at the urgent request of his father and mother, but also with his own wish and consent.  His parents begged hard and incessantly to send him to India, that they might no longer experience such disgrace through him, and that he might never return.  It was the same with the other.  He had been a Company servant, and on loan, then to one, and then to another farmer for many years, but instead of remaining with the master who loaned him, he wandered over the whole country, finding shelter among different people.  He is a vile fellow – a great drunkard; and lost his one hand by the bursting of his gun, on which he had put a double charge, not as is said to protect some vineyards, but when he was drunk as usual.  Besides, there were other weighty reasons for sending him away, because when drunk, he had once uttered very many slanders against the ex-governor Van der Stel.  He had asked us to be allowed to settle here as freeman, but for the reasons given, and because of the lies he uttered, we ordered him to proceed to Holland.  The first named we will employ some time longer, to see whether he intends to mend, then he will receive his freedom again, if his parents request it.  We do not believe, however, that they will have much inclination to do so, but prefer to see him far, far away. We wish you to believe that we did not act in this matter as these two persons stated, and beg that henceforth you may be pleased not to listen to such complaints, unless supported by good evidence, that we need not always be liable to be called to account for groundless charges brought by one or other soldier, or sailor, and to reply to their pretended hardships [Letter to Batavia 10 March 1708; CA: C 1446 (Letters Despatched, 10 March 1708; C 382 (Letters Received, 9 November 1707; Mansell G. Upham, ‘Jacobus Coetzee:  A black sheep in the Coetzee family’, Capensis 3/2001, pp. 35-36; S. Newton-King, ‘Sodomy, race and respectability in Stellenbosch and Drakenstein, 1689-1762: The story of a family, loosely defined’, Kronos, vol. 33 (2007), pp. 6-44]; 21 May 1709: baptism at Stellenbosch of Catie and Geertruijt – … (Geertrùijt, en Catie twe slave kinders, van Mons[eigneu]r Derk Coetse, [te] opstaan van syn vroùw Sara Vander Schùlp 21 May 1709. [translated: “Gertrude and Catie, two slave children of Mister Derk Coetse vouched for by his wife Sara van der Schulp 21 May 1709″]); owns Assegaai Bosch at Jonkershoek; 27 August 1715: granted buijtenplaets Sonkwasdrif-Wes which he sells (26 July 1718) to Jan Botma; 5 October 1723: C 68, pp. 51-66. Dingsdagh den 5 October 1723, voormiddags. Alle present … Laastelijk in overweeginge genomen weesende den inhoud der requesten door Dirk Coetsee en Jan Zacharias Bek in volgende termen overgegeven: Aan den Wel Edelen Gestr.[engen] Heere Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes – – – benevens den E.[dele] Agtb.[are] Raad van Politie. Wel Edele Gestrenge Heer en E.[dele] Agtb.[are] Heeren, Vertoonen met schuldige eerbied Uwe Wel Edele Gestr.[engen] en E.[dele] Agtb.[are] zeer needrige dienaar en dienaresse, Dirk Coetsee [Coetzee] en Sara van der Schulp, hoe derselver soon, Cornelis Coetsee eenigen tijt herwaarts alle kinderlijke pligt vergeetende, zig tegens haar suppl[ian]ten. seer ongehoorsaam heeft komen te gedragen, en niettegenstaande alle aan hem gedane vermaaningen en moeijte om hem van desselfs ongebonden levens aart af te wenden, zulx veel eer tot een verhardinge als afkeeringe van dat buijten spoorig leven heeft verstrekt; dierhalven wenden de suppl[ian]ten. zig tot Uwel Edele Gestrenge en E.[dele] Agtb.[are], met needrig versoek dat het derselver goede geliefte mag zijn gem.[elde] haar soon, Cornelis Coetsee, in dienst der E.[dele] Comp.[agnie] aan te nemen, en verders zoodanig met hem te handelen, ‘t zij met versending na India ofte andersints, zoo als Uwel Edele Gestrenge en E.[dele] Agtb.[are] dat zullen gelieven goed te vinden.  (Onderstont) ‘t Welk doende &ra … Aldus geresolveerd ende gearresteerd in ‘t Casteel de Goede Hoop, ten dage en jaare voorsz. M.[aurits] DE CHAVONNES. C. V.[an] BEAUMONT. K. J. SLOTSBOO. JAN DE LA FONTAINE. A. V.[an] KERVEL. JN. ALDERSZ.; 25 June 1725: dies; marries Sara van der Schulp (from Amsterdam); daughter of: Jacobus van der Schulp and Maria Elison; Sara Jacobsz: van der Schulp  23 Februarij 1728  J:s de Grandpreez Inventaris van alle sodanige goederen als er sijn naargelaten en met er dood ontruijmt door Sara Jacobsz: van der Schulp, wed:[u]w[e] den burger Dirk Coetze, ten voordeelen van haar seven naargelatene kinderen, met name Jacobus Gerrit Margareta getrouwt met den heemraad Matthijs Kruger Jan Maria getrouwt met den p:e adsist:n Johannes Keijts, en Cornelis Coetze, mitsgad:[ers]  Matthijs Greeff, representeerende sijn overledene moeder Sara Coetze door de ondergetekende gecommitt:[eerd]e Weesmeesteren ten presentie van de natenoemene erfgenamen opgenomen, namentlijk: Een huijs en erf gelegen in dese Tafelvallij op de Heeregreeft. Aldus geinventariseert so aan de Caab als aan Drakenstein ter huijsen van den heemraad Mathijs Kruger den 23:e Feb:ij en 4:e Maart 1728.  Gecommitteerde Weesmeesteren: C:[hristoffel] Brand, D:[anie]l Pfeil Dit is t + merk van Jacob Coetze Dit is + de handteijkening van Gerrit Coetze  Matthijs Krugel J:[ohanne]s Keijts Mij present: J:[aco]b Lever, Secretaris; 10 children [N.A. Coetzee, Die Stamouers Coetzee en Nageslagte:  Herdenkingsuitgawe 300 Honderd Jaar in Suid-Afrika met enkele familieregusters en persoonlike inligting (privately published Pretoria 1979; Leon J. Hattingh, ‘Die Blanke nageslag van Louis van Bengale en Lijsbeth van die Kaap, Kronos, vol. 3 (1980), p. 13; Die Eerste Vryswrates van Stellenbosch 1679-1720 (University of the Western Cape, Bellville 1981), p. 64-65].

[7] Christian / Christiaen Maartens: / Martens: / Martensz: / Martins(z): (from Hamburg) – son-in-law to testator Elisabeth (Lijsbeth) van Angola; 1688: soldier at VOC buitenpost (‘outpost’) Clapmuts prosecuted with Sergeant Kerkendaardt and Corporal Jacob Cloete (from Cologne) for trading illegally with Cape indigenes – acquitted with a warning but Cloete is later found murdered outside the Company`s shambles with multiple stab wounds and killer/s never found [Dan Sleigh, Die Buiteposte: VOC-buiteposte onder Kaapse bestuur 1652-1795, pp. 200-201]; 1692 (Opgaaf): No. 36:  Christian Martinsz:; 1 man; 1 snaphaen; 1 degen; Cape; 17 May 1694: Marij van de Caep [Maria Bartels: van de Caep] widow of stuurman Cornelis Heremans, signs agreement with caretaker (waarnemende) of deceased mother`s property, Anthonij van Angola, whereby she receives slave (jong) Floris [van Bengale], 6 oxen and 50 sheep from mother`s deceased estate as part of her inheritance [CA: 1/STB 18/40 (Contracts:  Agreement between Marie / Marij van de Caep [signs as Mari and Maria Herin] and Anthonij van Angola [signs with letter A], 17 May 1694)]; 8 August 1695: Floris van Bengale (aged 24) sold by Christiaen Martens: of Stellenbosch to Mah[ie]u Rijcke for Rds. 80; 1699: resident at Stellenbosch; insolvent and property sold by public auction [CA: C 728, p. 60]; 24 April 1701: marries (2ndly) Stellenbosch: Christiaan Maartense van Hamburg jongm.[an] met Maria Bartelz: van Caab wed[uw]e Corn.[eli]s Heren; 14 June 1705: she is viciously assaulted by Jacomina Carteniers: and Jacobus van den Berg [Adam Tas Diary (15 June 1705), pp. 40-41; CA: CJ (Crim. Prosesstukken, 1705-1725), pp. 31, 33-34 & 36]; 10 March 1707: Christian / Christiaen Maartens: / Martens: / Martensz: / Martins(z): (from Hamburg) falls from his horse and accidentally trampled to death … He is son-in-law to the freed private slave Elisabeth (Lijsbeth) van Angola and husband to Cape-born Eurafrican (`mulatta`), Maria Bartels: – aka Mosterts Marij and Jan Holsmits Marij – previously widow of Cornelis Heren / Heermans:(e), Company chief gardener who accompanies Simon van der Stel on his journey of exploration into Namaqualand later becoming stuurman on the Noord and equipagiemeester but who is banished (3 years) and condemned to work in the public works for frequenting the French ships … Before becoming a free-burgher, he is a soldier at the VOC outpost (buitenpost) at Clapmuts and prosecuted (1688) with the Sergeant Kerkendaardt and the twice-widowed former free-burgher and recent returnee from Europe and then corporal at Clapmuts, Jacob Cloete (from Cologne), for trading illegally with the Khoekhoe … Acquitted, they are given a warning but Cloete is later (1693) found murdered outside the Company`s shambles with multiple stab wounds and the killer/s never found … [CA: 1/STB, vol. 624 (Attestation, 10 March 1707)]; 24 April 1701:  marries Stellenbosch: Christiaan Maartense van Hamburg jongm.[an] met Maria Bartelz: van Caab wed[uw]e Corn.[eli]s Heren – Maria [Bartels:] van de Caep alias Mosterts Marij  and Jan Holtsmit’s Marij [CA: MOOC 7/1/4, no. 155 – free-black according to will; J. Hoge, Personalia of the Germans at the Cape] halfslag;  daughter of Elisabeth (Lijsbeth) van Angola possibly by Bartholmeus (Bartel) Borns: (from Woerden) and former slave of Wouter Cornelisz: Mostaert (from Utrecht); 5 March 1684: witnesses as Mostarts Mary baptism of free-born Agnietie Colijn, biological daughter [?] of Maria Schalks: and surrogate [?] daughter of Maria een swarte vrye meit [Maria Everts:];  27 May 1685: witnesses baptism of Sijbrand (son of Jan Willemsz: Vermeulen (from Utrecht) and Catharina Opklim van Bengale) – former co-slave in the Mostaert / Holsmit household;  marries (1stly) [? civil union only] Cornelis Heren / Heermans:(e); 1685: Cornelis Heermanse, stuurman accompanies expedition with Simon van der Stel to Namaqualand [Anna J. Böeseken: Simon van der Stel en sy Kinders, p. 74];  1685 (Opgaaf): master-gardener (Baas tuinier); 1687: equipagiemeester; 19 June 1687: banished (3 years in public works – frequenting French ships) [Resolusies van die Politieke Raad, vol. III, pp. 166-167];  31 March 1690: stuurman on Noord whose crew are stranded inland [Resolusies van die Politieke Raad, vol. III, pp. 217]; 1700 (Opgaaf): No. 56: Maria Bartels:; 1 woman; 7 oxen; Stellenbosch.

Map of farms at Jonkershoek [J. Leon Hattingh, Die Eerste Vryswartes van Stellenbosch 1679-1720, p. 87]

Jacob Borghorst aka ‘Sieckum’ – the Dutch VOC-occupied Cape of Good Hope’s Unpopular 4th Commander (18 June 1668-25 March 1670)

Jacob Borghorst aka ‘Sieckum’ – the Dutch VOC-occupied Cape of Good Hope’s Unpopular 4th commander (18 June 1668-25 March 1670)

by Mansell G. Upham ©  

He first comes to attention when serving (1660) as VOC administrator at Colombo, Ceylon – present-day Sri Lanka.  Departing (September 1664) from Ceylon via Coromandel on the flute Diemermeer after being administrateur in Colombo (4 years), he returns (1665) as vice-commandeur on the Phoenix to the Netherlands in the return fleet of Pieter de Bitter (c. 1620-15 June 1666)[1] stopping over at the Cape of Good Hope (11 March-22 April 1665). 

Pieter de Bitter (c. 1620-15 June 1666)

On the voyage back to Patria, his fortune – consisting of precious stones – is seized by the English who take the ship.  As commander-elect to the Cape, he leaves Texel (27 December 1667) on Het Hoff van Breda arriving at the Cape (16 June 1668) becoming (18 June 1668) the colony’s 4th commander replacing 3rd commander Cornelis van Quaelbergen.

Magister Arnout van Overbeke (1632-1674)[2] arriving (22 July 1668) at the Cape as jurist and VOC councillor en route to Batavia, describes his dealings with the unpopular Commander Borghorst:

“… That afternoon [DR 22 July] we made the Bay and anchored. The senior officers went to salute the Commandeur, so that we [others] went off strolling here and there, and I reckoned that we were now at the house ‘of the Hart’ [Inn?]. I could not tell you much about the Cape without padding [my story], which I have avoided doing thus far, there being little to tell. In the first place, it was Winter; and in the second place, I did not wish to sleep a night or 2 in the open, [just] to put up a flock of ostriches or some wild deer … Besides, I did not wish to ask the Commandeur for the loan of 7 or 8 horses; and so I saw no monsters except the Commandeur himself. I was in his good books for the 1st 10 days; but then, since the ex-Commandeur, Heer Cornelis van Quaelbergen, was to travel with us to Batavia, I got into touch with him to ask how he, our Borghorst, should be received on board. This the blighter took so amiss (since he always thought that people were talking about him, even if in conversation with only one person) that, when I came to ask him whether there were anything aboard which it would be useful to him if our Skipper took it along, so that I could give orders to invite our friends to the farewell-feast the next day, he replied: ‘Have you come to fool or make fun of me?’ I said, that I did not enter his office to receive such a reply, and that I was showing him more respect than was due from me; and so I went off.  Next day our friends came, and the Commandeur said:  ‘Sir, with your permission I should like a glass of small beer, please.’ I said: ‘Sir, would you not care for a glass of mom?’ (which is a delicacy here). ‘Give me water,’ the brute said, ‘that is good enough for me.’ I regret nothing so much as that I did not ask the fathead what sort of water he wanted, sea-water or – some other kind. Well, what the devil! I was on my home ground! All his quarrelsomeness came from the fact that Quaelbergen was still so beloved that no one was very willing to have anything to do with him. Even the Hottentots, who each year give a free-will present to the Commandeur, were fed up with him: ‘What sort of a Captain is that?’ they said, ‘always Sieckum!’ (that is to say sick, bad, grumpy, ugly everything that is no good is sieckum, thus bad tobacco is sieckum Tabak,’ etc.); and that made our friend mad. He wants to get by force what in reality can be had only by affection. For that matter, he punishes himself every evening with a few glasses of spirits, which one of those in his confidence brings him under cover …”

During his short time as Cape commander in which he is often indisposed due to ill health, the following highly significant events take place:

(1) His sanctioning of the appropriation of a Hottentot infant – rescued (24 January 1669) from being buried alive with her deceased mother and given up for adoption -:              

… Yesterday afternoon some Cape ladies, whilst taking a walk towards the down where a number of Hottentots ordinarily live, were told that the latter had buried a woman who had been delivered of a child the previous afternoon and died shortly afterwards, and that with her they had buried the living baby, after having put it into a bag, covering it with earth as usual. Thereupon the women … opened the grave as quickly as possible and took out of it the little child alive … To this I think I should add that certain European women at the Cape itself, running up just in time, dug up a little girl buried by the Africans. They raised a sum of money by subscription and hired a nurse for the child. [3]

 The child is subsequently baptised Florida and indentured to Hendrik Reynste and Barbara Geems (1626-1688)] but dies unexpectedly soon thereafter.

(2) The sensational arrest (10 February 1669) and banishment without trial (26 March 1669) to Robben Island of the in/famous Cape indigene Eva Meerhoff, born Krotoa of the Goringhaicona

(3) The granting of land (1 July 1669) in full ownership to the Swarten Evert van Guinea (de vrije Caffer Evert), who had been freed (1659) by the colony’s 1st commander Jan van Riebeeck for revealing the whereabouts of the runaway slaves (his compatriots!) during a mass slave desertion: a garden [G50 723 square roeden or 1 morgen and 123 square roeden, 82 square feet (1.0329 ha)] in Table Valley.[4] 

(4) The execution and drowning in Table Bay (13 December 1669) of the convict (exiled from Batavia) Susanna Een Oor van Bengale for committing infanticide.

(5) The marriage (15 December 1669) of the free-black Angela (Maaij Ansiela) van Bengale – and mother to 4 illegitimate Eurasian voorkinderen to the free-burgher Arnoldus Willemsz: Basson (from Wesel).

Before leaving office, he sells (March 1670) the bulk of his personal slaves to the Company.  This appears to be an unduly harsh move considering that most of these slaves – already domesticated – had already served in the households of previous Cape commanders and other high-ranking VOC officials and later come to play an important part as free-blacks in the development of the colony as well as becoming direct ancestors to a substantial proportion of what is to become the so-called ’white’ population of Southern Africa. 

He sells the following slaves:

  • Andries van de Kust Cor[o]mandel [aka Adriaen (Arie) van Bengale]
  • Claes van Bengale [Claes Gerritsz: van Bengale]
  • Mathijs van Bengale
  • Anthonij van Bengale [Anthonij Jansz: de Later van Bengale]  
  • Jeronimus van Bengale
  • Titus (Tita) van Bengaelen
  • the Maleijer Berru
  • Venture [Ventura van Ceijlon]
  • Pollecij [? Maaij Claesje Jans: van Angola] met een kint
  • Serry [? Abraham (Abram)] van Guinee
  • Lijsbet [Elisabeth van Bengale] ende twee kinderen
  • Marija [Maria da Costa van Bengale / Cochin / Paliacatta]

He ends (25 March 1670) his term as commander at the Cape, departing (28 April 1670) for Patria on the Beemster.

In the light of the above, how seriously ought we to regard Dutch historian Gerrit Schutte’s dismissive statement that during Borghorst’s short term of office “nothing of exceptional import occurred”?[5]

Or South African writer Hymen W.J. Picard’s facile assessment of what he considers does not make for an exciting period in Cape history?[6]:

“From these and other ‘highlights’ of Borghorst’s term of office, such as the digging out by a couple of indignant local ladies of a Hottentot baby buried alive by the parents [sic] together with its dead sister [sic], to comply with an ancient custom (extensively recorded in the Journal), one does not gain the impression that it was an exciting period in the history of the Cape …”


[1] Pieter de Bitter (c. 1620-15 June 1666) – dies off the coast of West Africa – 17th-century VOC Dutch officer.  Defeats (21 August 1665) at the Battle of Vågen the English flotilla commanded by Thomas Teddiman . Name 1st emerges (1653) when during 1st Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654) when mentioned as captain of the Mercurius,  a VOC vessel of 40 cannon in the squadron of Commodore Michiel de Ruyter , just prior to the Battle of Scheveningen. Distinguishes himself by disabling Triumph of 62 cannon, the flagship of Vice-Admiral James Peacock who is killed. An hour later the Mercurius sinks after being penetrated below the waterline but saved with most of his crew. During the Dutch-Portuguese War (August 1655), he is flag captain on Ter Goes of Director-General Gerard Pietersz: Hulft , who commands the fleet attacking the Portuguese colony of Ceylon  from Batavia – the main stronghold of the Dutch East Indies. After Colombo  is taken, he is sent (July 1656) on a galiot back to Batavia to inform the Council of Indies that Hulft is killed in action. Vice-commandeur (November 1656), under Commandeur Adriaan Roothaaas, of the fleet sent to blockade Portuguese ports on the Malabar Coast.  Returns (Spring 1657) to Batavia. Again serves under Roothaas (August 1657) in a flotilla blockading Goa. The flagship Terschelling captures the Santa Cruz loaded with spices. He embezzles cargo for which he is later lightly punished. The flotilla, joined by the main forces of Colonel Rijckloff van Goens (November), splits off to attack the remaining Portuguese possessions on Ceylon. Also used for this expedition, he now commands the larger ship Salamander. This ship and Naarden have the mission to mislead Portuguese by 1st sailing to north and only afterwards to rejoin the main force leaving for Ceylon. The ruse fails, however, because adverse winds drive the vessels towards the Maledives [Maldives]. Only reaches Colombo (17 February 1658) – too late to contribute to capture of Manaar . Participates, however, in the fall of Jaffnapatnam (21 June 1658). Again used as a messenger to the  Council. Still serving under Roothaas, departs (19 July 1659) in the fleet of 13 headed for Goa, on the yacht Tholen. Blockading the port, he confiscates the English vessel Constantinople Merchant, for carrying contraband.  Appointed (April 1661) both Surveyor of Ships and Master of Naval Ordnance in Batavia. Appointed (22 July) commandeur of the fleet sent to, again, to blockade Goa. Present (7 January 1663) when Goens captures Cochin . Serves as temporary governor of Cochin. Returns (12 May 1664) to Batavia; sent (21 June 1664) as envoy to the court of the King of Siam, Narai the Great, securing a renewal of the Dutch-Siamese treaty (22 August) returning (30 November) to Batavia. Appointed (December) commandeur of the Return Fleet. Twice each year the Company sends back spices to the Dutch Republic. As 2nd Anglo-Dutch War looms, as an experienced officer he commands a fleet with extra valuable cargo to assist Patria. Receives secret instructions to avoid being captured at all costs. En route learns that war has broken out the Dutch home fleet defeated in Battle of Lowestoft. New instructions of States-General orders him to seek refuge in the neutral port of Bergen, Norway. He is attacked there (12 August 1665) by an English flotilla violating port’s neutrality but manages to inspire crews to defend and in Battle of Vågen beats off an attack with heavy losses for the English. After being relieved by the Dutch home fleet commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral De Ruyter, he returns to the Dutch Republic and is rewarded by the States-General. Also given 2 honorary golden chains by VOC and appointed (6 March 1666) commandeur of next fleet headed for the Indies. Anxious to return, as wife & children live in Batavia, he departs (15 April), but dies (15 June) aboard flagship Hollandsche Tuyn from scurvy, off the west coast of Africa.

[2] Magister Arnout van Overbe(e)ke (1632-1674) – VOC’s Honourable Councillor of Justice, poet and diarist, returning to the Netherlands as admiral on the Return Fleet from Batavia (now Jakarta, Java, Indonesia), appointed commissioner to inspect the VOC’s administration at Caput Bonae Spei (‘Cape of Good Hope’); sailing on Tidoor, arrives (25 March 1672) and departs (23 April 1672); at his instigation 1st treaty formally purchasing the Cape District from the indigenous Khoe (‘Hottentots’), is signed (19 April 1672); he had stopped over at  Cape as chief merchant (July 1668) arriving on the Zuijt Polsbroek of Amsterdam and leaving again (6 August 1668) meeting new commander Jacob Borghorst whom he describes in his writings Alle de Rymverken … (Amsterdam, 1699 – 1st edition 1672), as being sieckum (ie ‘bad’) in agreement with local Cape indigenes and is joined by the outgoing, disgraced and recalled commander, Cornelis van Quaelbergen and his family, who accompany him to Batavia. Writer and poet in the style of Tengnagel and Focquenbroch: Anecdota sive historiae jocosae (1672-1674) and travel journal Geestige en vermaecklycke reijs beschrijving naar Oost-Indiën (1668) and poetry anthology Geestige wercken (1678); When back in The Hague becomes member of Rederikerskamer; he dies at Amsterdam (16 July 1674).  

[3] I. Scapera, The Early Cape Hottentots, p. 183: G. Greyenbroek, An elegant and accurate account of The African Race Living Round The Cape of Good Hope commonly called Hottentots, 1695.

[4] CA: CTD Title Deeds, Cape (Old Cape Freeholds), vol. 1, fol. 51 (1 July 1669).

[5] Gerrit J. Schutte, South African Dictionary of Biography, vol. III, p.  80. See also Mansell G. Upham,’ Maaij Ansela and the black sheep of the family, Capensis, no. 2 (1998), p. 29.

[6] Masters of the Castle (C. Struik, Cape Town 1972), p. 62.

Slaven ofte kinderen in bekende hoererije geteelt … Cape Governor Chavonnes prohibits slaves from sponsoring slave infant baptisms and the outlandish display of extravagant clothing … being disrespectful to Europeans and ‘equating’ legitimate children with slave or infants born in brazen whoredom …

17 June 1721

                Resolution of the Council of Policy at the Dutch-occupied Cape of Good Hope

It was hitherto customary to allow slaves to stand as sponsors to slave children when christined, but this was now prohibited; and it was at the same time ordered, that slave children should not in future be brought into church loaded with so many ornaments.               

                                Dingsdagh 17e Junij 1721, voormiddags.

Alle present, demptis den Heer A.[braham] Cranendonk en den E.[dele] Van Kervel …        

… In de laaste vergaderingh discoures gewijse gesproken, en als nu door den Edelen Heer Gouverneur wederom te kennen gegeven zijnde dat Zijn Edele tot leetweesen ondervonden had dat ër geen onderscheijd wierd gemaakt in ‘t doopen der slaven kinderen, of deselve van Christen ouders zijn gebooren ofte niet, als meede dat slaven ofte kinderen in bekende hoererije geteelt, meede met de Europeanen ten doop werden gebragt, ja selfs dat de slaven over het doopen van haare ofte andere kinderen als getuijgen komen te staan, en eijndelijk dat de kinderen van de vrije swarten en slaven deurgaans met meerder cieraad van kledagie wanneer gedoopt sullen werden, werden opgeschikt als die van onse natie, alle het welke tot groote ergernis en ook klijnagting en disrespect der Europeaanse natie is strekkende; weshalven Zijn Edele in consideratie gaf of men daar omtrent geen beetere ordre zoude kunnen  stellen, en een dag in de week uijtkiesen om de slaven en derselver kinderen waar van men met seekerheijd bewust is dat die van Christen ouders zijn voortgekomen, te laten doopen; over welk een en ander met aandagt gedelibereert zijnde,

Zoo is voor eerst goedgevonden en geresolveert na deesen niet meer te tollereeren dat slaven over ‘t doopen van derselver kinderen, ‘t sij als vader of getuigen staan.

Gelijk mede dat gemelde slave kinderen sonder zoodanige opschiksels als zij gewoon zijn ten doop sullen mogen gebragt werden; zullende over de resteerende poincten ‘t sentiment der predicanten van de Caab, Stellenbosch en Drakensteijn werden ingenomen, omme na becoming van deselve hier over als dan nader te resolveeren.


                Aldus geresolveerd ende gearresteerd in ‘t Casteel de Goede Hoop, ten dage en jaare voorsz.
                M. DE CHAVONNES.
                A. CRANENDONK

                C. V. BEAUMONT.
                K. J. SLOTSBOO.
                JAN DE LA FONTAINE.
                JN. ALDERSZ.

                Mij praesent, HK. SWELLENGREBEL. E.g. clercq.

[Source: Cape Archives: C 56, pp. 40-43]

Cape VOC Commander (later Governor) Simon van der Stel capitalizes – also privately – on Portuguese and Siamese misfortune to promote Dutch goodwill

by Mansell G. Upham ©  

The Council of Policy at the Cape of Good Hope resolves (6 June 1686) to assist the shipwrecked (16 April 1686) and stranded Siamese delegation by providing 10 soldiers, 3 horses etc. to the Siamese Ambassadors – including Ok-khun Chamnan Chaichong – to go in search of the chief and some followers who had remained behind at the shipwreck at Struisbaai off Cape Agulhas of the Portuguese ship  Nostra Signora de los Milagros.

Simon van der Stel

More significantly, Simon van der Stel also – in his private capacity – relieves the Portuguese of some of their slaves as can be seen from the following slave transaction and commercial arrangement:

5 June 1686: Bartholomé, Lorenço el Grande, Alexander, Thomas, Christoval, Antonio, Pedro, Lorenço Pequeno, Francisco and Joan10 slaves belonging to senior merchant Jan de Paiva of the wrecked ship Nostra Signora de los Milagros, are still at large. They are all from Mozambique. Governor Simon van der Stel pays De Paiva Rds. 25 for the right to sell three of them if he recaptures them. If he captures fewer than three, he would still pay Rds. 25 [Anna J. Böeseken, Slaves and Free Blacks at the Cape, 1658-1700, p. 146].

Donderdag 6 Junij 1686.

In tegenwoordigheid van den E.[dele] H[ee]r. Commendeur en alle de leden.

D’ E.[dele] Heer Commendeur in Rade bekend makende, hoe de Heeren Siamsche ambassadeurs hem bij monde de behulpsame hand tot ‘t opsoeken van hun agtergeblevene amptgenoot, en hoofd der ambassade, mitsgs. enige van desselvs gevolg, versogt hadden; en angemerkt hun versoek seer billijk en op aller volkeren regt gegrond was, en dat Sijn Maij[es]t.[eit] van Siam met d’ E.[dele] Comp.[agnie] in goede intelligentie en vrundschap leevde,

So is verstaan derselver getrouwigheid ten dienste hares konings met Christlijke lievde te bejegenen en haar geen de minste reden van misnoegen te geven, maar in ‘t tegendeel haar oude correspendentie met de E.[dele] Comps. dienaren in Siam, door gedienstigheid en minsame ommegang te vernieuwen, en meer en meer te cultiveren, en daar door ‘t kwade gevoelen dat de Portugiesen en andere natien hun van de Nederlanders mogten hebben ingeboesemd, te benemen, en hun versoek toe te staan; gevende haar ten dien einde een sergeant met thien soldaten om onder derselver geleide en ‘t geriev van twe tenten met wagen en karre nevens drie ried-paarden en genoegsame lijftogt bekwamelijk tot haar oogmerk te konnen geraken.

Aldus gearresteerd en besloten in ‘t Casteel de Goede Hoop. Jaar en dag als boven.
                S. v. STEL.
                ANDS. DE MAN.
                J. CRUSE.
                J. v. KEULEN.
                O. BERGH.
                L. v. STEL.
                CORNELIS PTZ LINNES.
                J. H. BLUM.

                Me preasente J. G. DE GREVENBROECK, Secr[e]t.[aris]

Olof Bergh

Ok-khun Chamnan Chaichong – Siamese diplomat who visits (1688) France and Rome – preceded by the embassy of Kosa Pan  (1686)

Kosa Pan

March 1684: He leaves Siam as a member of the 1st embassy to Portugal – accompanying the returning Portuguese embassy sent to Siam by king Pedro II  and bearing presents for the king of France, Louis XIV and planning to send three ambassadors to visit. The 1st leg of the trip is made on a Siamese ship, commanded by a Portuguese captain but the Embassy waits in Goa for more than a year before sailing on the Portuguese ship Nostra Signora de los Milagros. During these travels, he learns Portuguese which predisposes him for further contacts with Western countries.

27 April 1686: The ship Nostra Signora de los Milagros is wrecked off Cape Agulhas and after a series of adventures, the stranded survivors make their way to join the Dutch VOC colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

September 1687:  After two months at Cape of Good Hope residing at Rustenburg, the Embassy returns (27 / 28 June) east through Batavia (1-7 September), returning (27 September) to Siam.

Rustenburg

October 1687:  He is in Bangkok during the reception of the French Embassy composed of five warships, led by Simon de la Loubère and Claude Cébret du Boullaye (director of the French East India Company).

23 December 1688:  He meets the Pope in Rome after 1st visiting Paris but without meeting Louis XIV.

5 January 1689:  Farewell audience – drawings of Siamese envoys made by painter Carlo Maratta.

February 1689:  The Embassy is granted an audience with Louis XIV and a treaty of commerce negotiated by Céberet (1687) is ratified; 2 weeks later military the treaty is signed, designating François d’Alesso, Marquis d’Eragny, as captain of the palace guard in Ayutthaya and inspector of French troops in Siam.

1690:                                    
The Embassy returns to Siam by way of the six warship fleet of Abraham Duquesne-Guiton – nephew of Abraham Duquesne  – but unfavourable winds allow the fleet to  go only as far as Balassor at the  mouth of the Ganges and the Embassy returns to Ayutthaya overland.

Sources

  • Cape Archives (CA): C 18, pp. 32-33 & C 591: Orig. Dagregister, 1685-1686, pp. 375-377
  • Anna J. Böeseken, Simon van der Stel en sy Kinders (Nasou, Kaapstad 1964)
  • Anna J. Böeseken, Slaves and Free Blacks at the Cape, 1658-1700 (Tafelberg, Cape Town 1977)
  • R.F. Kennedy, Africana Repository: Notes for series of lectures given to the Hilbrow Study Centre from March to May 1964 (Juta, Cape Town 1965)
  • Karel Schoeman, Here & Boere Die kolonie aan die Kaap onder die Van der Stels, 1679-1712 (Protea Boekhuis, Pretoria 2013)
  • Dan Sleigh, Die Buiteposte: VOC-uiteposte onder Kaapse bestuur 1652-1795 (Protea Boekhuis, Pvetoria 2004)
  • TANAP